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Antwerp’ citadel after the capitulation (Chassé House) (1832) Antwerpen, 1856 - Belgium was under Dutch control, but wanted to become independent. The great powers ratified a treaty on May 4th 1832 and decided on a trade embargo against the Netherlands. The French wee allowed to besiege Antwerp in order to pressure King William I to surrender the town.

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The French Revolution of 1830: a barrcade Paris, - The picture shows the July Revolution of 1830 in Paris. Craftsmen, workers and students are revolting against Charles X who dissolved the parliament. They built barricades, are throwing chairs and kettles from their windows and are firing at the royalist army.

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Battle of Waterloo (1815) Waterloo, 1856 - After his defeat at Leipzig in 1814, Napoleon was banished to the island of Elba, from where he escaped in the spring of 1815. He quickly marched on Paris where he managed to assemble an army of 200.000 men. At Waterloo the French army was defeated by the allied troops of England, Prussia and the Netherlands. The Prince of Orange was commander of the Dutch army and was hurt at his shoulder during battle.

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William V and the heroes of Doggersbank (1781) Doggersbank , 1856 - On August 5th 1781 the Dutch encountered the British fleet. The battle remained undecided and both parties were forced to retreat. In the Republic this was celebrated like a victory. This would be the last sea-battle of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands.

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Arrival of Sealand boats at Rotterdam (Prince William II becomes stadtholder) (1747) Rotterdam, 1856 - In 1746 the French marched against the Republic. They conquered Flanders and moved on toward Brabant. In 1747 the States of the Dutch Republic was desperate as many refugees poured into Sealand and Holland.

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Treaty of Ryswick (arrival of representatives at Huis Nieuwburg) (1697) Rijswijk, 1856 - On September 20th 1697 the Treaty of Ryswick was signed between the Alliance of Augsburg (consisting of the German Holy Roman Empire, England, Denmark, Sweden, Spain, the Dutch Republic and the Duchy of Savoy) on one side and the French on the other. This treaty settled the Nine Year’s War.

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Landing van Prins Willem III bij Brixham, 1688. Brixham, 1953 - Uit de handleiding 1953: Prins Willem III voer met zijn vloot op 30 oktober 1688 uit, richting Engeland. De vloot bestond uit 50 oorlogsschepen, 10 branders en een aantal kleinere vaartuigen. Half juli had de prins een brief ontvangen waarin hem verzocht werd om naar Engeland te komen in verband met de politieke situatie. Op de plaat is te zien hoe boven goede ankergrond schepen onder winddruk om het anker zwaaien. De ankerboeien, boven de ankers drijvend, wijzen de plaatsen aan, waar de ankers zijn vastgegrepen. Boven de sloep waait de wimpel van de Admiraal-Generaal: rood, wit en blauw. De stuurman van de sloep, de officier, die niet tot het hoge gezelschap behoort, verricht zijn werk staande geleund tegen het beeldhouwwerk van de spiegel. In de wolkenschaduw ligt als derde schip van links een ‘‘fluit’’, waarop men bezig is de zeilen te reven. De rotsen bij Brixham bestaan uit zandsteen, deze werd voornamelijk gebruikt in de bouw. Onder de mannen en vrouwen, vissersvolk en grondbezitters uit de omtrek die de sloep door het water tegemoet gaan zijn een man en vrouw die manden aan de schouder dragen. Deze schoudermanden werden gebruikt voor het vergaren van wier.

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Death of Lt.Adm. M.A. de Ruyter (tomb in the Nieuwe Kerk in Amsterdam) Amsterdam, 1856 - The Battle of Agosta on April 22nd 1676, of the Dutch against the French, would be De Ruyter’s final sea battle. Standing on deck, De Ruyter was hit by a bullet. A marble mausoleum was erected in his honour in the Nieuwe Kerk in Amsterdam.

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The capture of the Royal Charles on the Thames (1667) Medway, 1856 - Although peace talks were well under way in Breda to end the Second Anglo-Dutch War, De Witt rejected a cease-fire offer. As ambassador extraordinary of the States, he sent his brother Cornelis along with Lieutenant-Admiral Michiel de Ruyter to sail up the river Thames in order to destroy the English fleet at Chatham. During this battle, the Raid on the Medway, the ship Royal Charles was captured.

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Self-sacrifice of Hambroek (1662) Formosa, 1856 - Since 1624 the East India Company had established control on Formosa. Under its charge missionaries worked on the Christianization of the indigenous people: amongst them was doctor Antonius Hambroek. On April 30th 1661 Chinese-Japanse warlord Koxinga (Kok seng yâ) invaded the island, whereby Hambroek fell to Chinese hands. Fort Zeelandia remained under Dutch control. Koxinga decided to send Hambroek as a representative to meet with Coyett, commander of the fort, to convince him to surrender. In stead of demanding surrender, Hambroek urged Coyett to persist in battle. Hambroek decided to return to Koxinga, who beheaded him.

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Jan van Galen injured at Leghorn (1653) Leghorn (Livorno in Italian), 1856 - At the outbreak of the First Anglo-Dutch War in 1652, Jan van Galen was appointed Commodore of the Dutch fleet in the Mediterranean Sea. At Leghorn (Livorno in Italian) the Dutch fleet entered into battle with the English fleet. On March 14th 1653, during the Battle of Leghorn, Jan van Galen was fatally wounded and eventually died.

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Hugo de Groot at Loevestein (1621) Castle Loevestein, Poederoijen, 1856 - Hugo de Groot, a Dutch lawyer and writer, wrote several theological essays. During the struggle for the highest power in the country, Church or State, he choose the side of the State. Therefore he was imprisoned at castle Loevestein. He escaped by hiding in a book chest.

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The Dutch in front of Jacatra (1618) Java, 1856 - Governor-general Pieter Both settled in Bantam in 1610 and established a merchant settlement. The English resided in the Indies as well, which led to a battle. Dutchman Jan Pieterzoon Coen secured the Dutch victory over the area.

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The naval Battle of Gibraltar (death of Heemskerk) (1607) Gibraltar, 1856 - In 1607, during the Eighty Years’ War, a Dutch fleet surprised a Spanish fleet which lay anchored at the Bay of Gibraltar. During this battle Jacob van Heemskerk (one of the Nova Zembla explorers) was killed.

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The battle of Nieuwpoort (1600) Nieuwpoort, 1856 - The battle of Nieuwpoort was a battle in 1600, during the Eighty Years’ War between the Dutch and Spanish armies. Maurice of Orange was ordered by the States General to Dunkirk in Flanders in order to take over the town. A large Spanish army, led by archduke Albrecht of Austria, unexpectedly came to Flanders. This led to the Battle of Nieuwpoort. Due to Maurice’s strategies the Dutch won the battle.

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Op de reede van Bantam 1598. Bantam, 1913 - Handleiding 1917: Jacob van Neck (leider van de tweede Nederlandse expeditie naar Oost-Indië (1598-1600)): ’s Morgens bij zonsopkomst, terwijl ik bezig was mijn fraaiste kleren aan te trekken, kwam Ab-dul in mijn hut zeggen, dat er een prauwtje langs ons schip lag met een Chinees, die mij namens den Gouverneur van het land kwam vragen, wat het doel van onze komst was. Ik liet de Chinees weten dat we gekomen waren om de Gouverneur om vriendschap te verzoeken om vredig en beleefd met de inwoners van Bantam te mogen handelen. Mijn secretaris Cornelis Heemskerck, ging aan land om de gouverneur te spreken. Op de afbeelding ligt het admiraalsschip van Jacob van Neck, Mauritius genaamd, het meest vooraan. Op het hek waait de rood-wit-zwarte vlag van Amsterdam, met het stedelijk wapen in de witte baan. De vlag aan de grote top is de Statenvlag. Op de andere mast waait de vlag van de Prins, met zijn wapen in de witte baan. Naar links ligt de Utrecht en meer nabij de kust het kleine jacht Overijssel. Het grote jacht Friesland vaart voor de zeilende vloot uit. Achteraan zeilt het schip de Hollandia, waarop Jacob van Neck zich bevindt. Op de achtergrond ligt de stad Bantam. Hoog boven de ommuring verrijst het dak van een moskee. Het is december, daarom laat de tekenaar een Westmoesson waaien. De lucht is dan minder strak. Het blauw waait soms vol nevelachtige wolken, die, zwaarder samengepakt, de plasregens geven.

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Heemskerk’s hibernation on Nova Zembla (1596) Russia, Arctische Oceaan, 1856 - The Dutch tried to discover an overseas trading route to Asia via the North. The exploration was carried out by Jacob van Heemskerk and Willem Barendsz in 1596. Their ships got wedged between the ice at Nova Zembla forcing them to spend the winter there.

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Capture of Den Briel (1572) Brielle, 1856 - Several times the Prince and the Sea Beggars attempted to seize Dutch towns from the Spanish. On April 1st 1572 the Sea Beggars managed to capture Den Briel.

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German Yeomanries are fighting for their independence , unknown - The picture shows a scene of the German peasants‘war between 1524 and 1526 (Southern Germany, Austria, Switzerland). Beside the peasants also mine workers and urban citizens took part in the revolution against the oppressive authorities. You can see the fight of the peasants against the knights of the seigniors. The peasants are fighting with lances and flails. In the background other peasants are looting and destroying a mill, probably an aristocratic estate. The battlefield is covered with snow; the scene of the depiction is dated to March of the year 1525 – the beginning of the revolts in Leipheim. The peasant troops were combated by the troops of the Swabian confederation. The subtitle of the wall chart is “Lewwer duad üs Slav” (its better to be dead than to be a slave) cites a Frisian slogan, well known as verse of Liliencron’s ballad “Pidder Lüng” (1844) which tells about the revolt of a poor fisherman. Later the slogan was abused by the Nazi-Propaganda as an example for the alleged bravery of the (blonde and blue-eyed) Nordic.

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Arnoud van Gelder, carried off by his son Adolf (1465) Grave, 1856 - Arnoud from the House of Egmond, came into office for the Gelderland government in 1423. His reign was long but very turbulent. Amongst other things, he was at war with his own son Adolf. On January 9th 1465 a reconciliation fest was held in Grave. The fest appeared to be a trick and Arnoud van Gelder was captured by his son Adolf that night.

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Delft surrenders with a treaty to Albrecht of Bayern (1359) Delft, 1856 - Albrecht of Bayern rose to power after his brother Count Willem V became insane. Part of the citizens (the Cods) disagreed to this and revolted (mostly in Delft). The image shows the people surrendering.

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The death of Count Willem IV (1345) Stavoren, 1856 - Count Willem IV travelled to the beach to end the revolt of the people of Stavoren. During this battle Count Willem IV was killed.

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The death of Earl Willem II (1256) West-Friesland, 1856 - Earl Willem II attempted to end the West-Frisian revolt. In January 1256 he marched into West-Friesland with an army. However, the cold had frozen-over all waters causing Willem II to fall through the ice whilst still on horseback and die.

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Apronius defeated by the Frisians (28 AD) Baduhenner Woud (tussen Leeuwarden en Sneek), 1856 - A breached agreement between the Frisians, Batavians and the Romans caused the Frisians and Batavians to revolt. In answer, the Roman army commander and senator Apronius travelled to Friesland. The wall chart displays the battle scene. The wall chart itself states 28 BC, the manual however states this ought to be 28 AD.

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Arminius the Chersuci. Battle of the Teutoburg Forest Bramsche am Kalkriese, 1938 - The picture shows Arminius, the chieftain of the Cherusci, who in the year 9 AC defeated three Roman legions. You can see the Germanic soldiers coming out of the woods and throwing their spears after the Romans. Arminius had Roman civil rights and as a Roman ally had obtained the confidence of the Roman governor. Arminius awaited the right moment, ambushed the Romans and defeated them.

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17th Century. Thirty-Years War. The raids of Louis XIV , 1937 - The frieze about the 17th Century shows the timeline (1600-1700 A.C.) with the following dates, which are tagged with red and black arrows: 1608/09 A.C. Union-League; 1630 A.C. Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden comes to the Protestants’ help; 1632 A.C. Gustavus Adolphus’ victory and death in the battle of Lützen; 1640 A.C. The Great Elector’s accession to power; 1648 The Peace of Westphalia; 1655-1660 A.C. Second Northern War; 1667/68 A.C. French War of Devolution against Spain, 1675 A.C. Battle of Fehrbellin; 1672-1678 The Franco-Dutch War; 1681 A.C. French occupation (“spoils”) of Strasburg; 1683 Siege of Vienna, 1686 A.C. Ofen, Mohàcs, 1688 A.C. Death of the Great Elector; 1688-1697 A.C. Nine Year’s War; 1699 A.C. Peace of Karlowitz.

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Under the flag of the drawstring shoe , - The picture shows the rebellious peasants of the so called "drawstring-shoe-movement" (1493-1517) in southern Germany during the early period of the Peasants’War(1524-1526). You can see a group of about twenty peasants gathering under their standard the drawstring shoe.

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Widukind , 1936 - The picture shows Widukind (also Wittekind), who sparked the war against the Franks in 778 A.C. As leader of the Saxons he fought against Charlemagne, king of the Franks and against the Christian faith until the year 785 A.C., when he agreed to be baptized as part of a peace-treaty. Depicted are Widukind’s troops gathering in front of Widukind’s house and prepared for the battle. They are armored with lances, swords and helmets. In the top right corner of the entrance you can see rightwards angled swastikas, who in former Germanic times did not yet possess any specific political meaning but were symbolized the sun gear or the hammer of Thor.

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