Wall charts, history and European Identity

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Hærmøde for de tjenstgørende godsejere. ., 1911 - .

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En by på Nikolaj II’s tid. ., 1911 - .

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Die Eröffnung des Suezkanals 1869 , 1963 - The picture shows the inauguration ceremony of the Suez Canal. After having obtained a concession from the Egypt viceroy, Vicomte de Lesseps created the Suez Canal Company and in the years 1859-1869 constructed the Suez Canal, according to the plans of Alois Negrellis and financed by French capital. The inauguration took place on 17th of November 1869. The new direct connection between Europe and the countries situated along the coast of the Indian Ocean strengthened the world trade and the coastal shipping of Egypt. In the picture you can see the crowds at the banks of the canal, watching the huge steamships. Everywhere you can see the flags of France and the Ottoman Empire. You can further distinguish people from different cultures, European officers in uniforms, women in dresses and with umbrellas as well as Central Asian men with caftans, turbans and camels.

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Livegenskabets ophævelse. ., 1911 - .

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Mode 1850 , - The picture shows the fashion of Biedermeier, a bourgeois hall with a winter garden, which maybe depicts a Viennese coffee house.

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Schiller und Goethe in Jena , 1948 - The picture shows the writers Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832) and Friedrich Schiller (1759-1805), who were friends since the year 1794. You can see them walking over the market-place of Jena, deep in conversation. They both are wearing double-breasted coats and have walking canes and hats in their hands. Duchess Anna Amalia and her son Duke Karl August granted a high level of artistic freedom during their reign. Thanks to the influence of Goethe the University of Jena experienced new prosperity. The friendship of Schiller and Goethe began here. The period of the Weimar classicism refers to the four artists Wieland, Goethe, Herder und Schiller in Weimar from 1786 to 1805 (after Goethe's first Italian Journey until the death of Schiller).

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Lagerleben. Zeit des 30jährigen Krieges , 1889 - The picture shows the life of the soldiers in a military camp during the Thirty Years War (1618-1648. On the left side of the picture you can see reveling and playing warriors. On the right side of the picture a group of arriving soldiers with women and children is depicted. In the background is the camp with many different types of tents, flags and soldiers.

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Des alten Nürnbergs Blütezeit. Ende des 15. Und Anfang des 16. Jahrhunderts , 1991 - The picture shows the city of Nuernberg in the period between 1470 to 1530 AD, when Nuernberg, among Cologne and Prague, was one of the three main cities of the Holy Roman Empire. You can see the city's most important buildings: The church of Our Lady, the Beautiful Well and the town hall.

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Den helligste patriark. ., 1920 - .

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Offentlig plads i Moskva-rigets tid. Moskou, 1920 - .

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Fra kirkespaltningens tid. ., 1920 - .

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Germanische Tracht zur Eisenzeit – um 400 n.d. Zr. , 1936 - The picture shows three Teutons wearing their traditional clothing in the fifth century AD - at a time when the so-called "Germania" reached its greatest expansion.

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Jungsteinzeitliches Bauerndorf , 1982 - The picture shows the life of settled down people in the Young Stone Age (Neolithic Age, 5000 – 1800 BC). The settlement which is protected by stake fence, consists of four longish thatched clay huts. Cultivation and processing of grain, livestock breeding (sheep, pig, goat,…) are depicted. You can further see earthenware jars.

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Bauer und Dorfgemeinde im Mittelalter , 1977 - The picture shows 14 depictions of rural community life, taken from the so called “Sachsenspiegel”, the earliest medieval law code written by Eike von Repgow (1220-1235) in the 13th century. In this illuminated manuscript the text is supplemented by the addition of figurative depictions. You can see 1) the King as chief justice, 2) church and mill, 3) housebuilding and court of the counts, 4) adjudicating juryman, 5) sheep, 6) vine branch, 7) cow, goats and hen, 8) protecting the harvest from the devil by tying him up, 9) ducks and sheaves, 10) merchant 11) peasant with plough and rake, 12) winery, 13) courtly life, 14) paying the tax in kind.

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Im Hafen einer Hansestadt. (15. Jahrhundert) , 1909 - The picture shows a hanseatic harbour in the Baltic Sea (middle of 15th century). Many cogs with high side plates are in the harbour, which serve as merchant and combat vessels at the same time.

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Germanisches Gehöft um Christi Geburt , 1956 - The picture shows a Germanic farmstead around the turn of the eras. A water ditch, a strong timber fence, a wide gate and a watchtower surround the building. The wooden houses with gable roofs are covered with straw and have very small windows. Some men carry in a bagged bear. The skulls of horses and cows on the big tree in the centre, at the fence and the gate are cultic items. You can further see a smith standing at a clay furnace.

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In einem Bank- und Handelshaus zu Beginn der Neuzeit (Fugger) , - The picture shows the interior of a banking and trading house. You can see the delivery of barrels and bales. Upstairs some merchants are ordering goods.

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Baumsargbestattung zur Bronzezeit , 1936 - The picture shows a Bronze Age (2000-1200 B.C.; Northern Europe since 1800 B.C.) funeral. The ceremony takes place in the early Bronze Age dunes (probably in Jutland, Denmark). The coffins are made of split and carved out tree trunks and decorated with flowers. The men are carrying swords and daggers as well as they attached swords to the coffin serving as grave goods.

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Im Priesterhofe des Tempels zu Jerusalem (Opferscene) Jerusalem, 1911 - The picture shows the Jewish temple in Jerusalem. Jerusalem was conquered by David around 1000 BC, who planned the first temple. On the picture you can see 1) the Sea of cast metal (according to the Old Testament a large circular metal basin which stood on twelve oxen), 2) the entrance to the temple, 3) the altar of burnt offerings, 4) the sacrificing priests. People are bringing their offerings to the priests, who are burning those offerings on the altar. Some spectators in the foreground are watching the ritual.

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Eisenzeit-Völkerwanderungszeit , 1938 - The wall chart consists of two big pictures in the centre showing typical scenes of the every-day life during the Iron Age. On both sides these sceneries are framed by smaller depictions of weapons, jewelry and tools. The first picture shows a blacksmith`s workshop from the pre-Roman Iron Age (800 BC). In front of the roofed workshop you can see the forge, in which the smith heats the iron. The second picture shows the interior of a smithery from the Migration Period (375/376-568 AC). The smith is sitting at the table of a log cabin, which is lined with clay, and is refining the metal with gold. You can further see casting moulds for knives.

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Die fünf Menschenrassen , 1911 - The picture shows five men representing five different cultural spheres: an American Indian, an Australian Aborigine, an African, an Asian and a Western European. The European, standing in the centre, dominates the scene and thus shows the Eurocentric world view of the time (early 20th century). Today the theory of races is superseded.

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Germanisches Gehöft um Christi Geburt (Wehrhaftes Bauerntum) , 1935 - The picture shows a Central European Germanic farmstead of the Iron Age (1st century AD). You can see three oblong, single-bay houses and gables with clay walls, thatched roofs and timber framework, two main-buildings and an annex. The family is standing in front of the shed and the dwelling house. There are the man of the house with a companion, riding horses, two women, three children and a grandmother. The depicted tools like the wooden plough, cattle livestock farming, the pheasant hunt and spinning shall tell us about the daily life of the people.

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Eine Landstrasse im Mittelalter , 1951 - The picture shows a high frequented medieval road (6th to 15th Century A. C.). The river, the fortified building (probably the building of the local or regional government), the town and the castle of the territorial lord indicate the importance of this route. The unpaved, muddy and rain-drenched road (as considerably typical for the Middle Ages) is troubling the big carriage, which the two horses are unable to draw out of the muddy clay. Two soldiers are pushing and pulling with bare hands to get it out. A squad of soldiers is guarding another fully laden covered wagon, drawn by four horses. On important trade routes the territorial lords used to offer escort for money to foreign merchants and carters. With the costums revenue he also built the bridge and overhauled the road by constructing a fence and a foot-walk on which you can see a pheasant hunter and a mushroom picker passing by. Before crossing the bridge travelers have to pay the costums at the barrier. Also depicted is a gallow on the right side of the road.

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Tafel der ur-und vorgeschichtlichen Entwicklungsstufen - von der Urwelt zur Gegenwart , 1920 - The chart shows periods of human mankind from the Eolitihic Age, to the Ice Age to the interglacial periods and from the New Stone Age to the Metal Ages to the historical times through to the present. Depicted are animals and humans, found pieces, cranial bones and tools, articles of daily use as well as technical achievements.

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Wandtafel 8.-15.Jahrhundert , - The wall chart shows the most important historical incidents between 723 AD and 1493 AD.

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Altnordische und Germanische Grabstätten , 1936 - This big chart shows seven different types of graves from different historical periods in seven times three columns. (On the left and on the right: tools, pottery and jewelry; in the centre: depictions of graves). 1. “Old Nordic megalithic tomb of the Young Stone Age (3000 B.C.)” You can see megalithic tombs made of huge blocks of stone, a passage tomb in the foreground and a smaller dolmen in the background. 2. “Barrow of Leuningen”. Early Bronze Age. First half of 2nd Millennium B.C.” Prehistoric graves were constructed by heaping up stones or earth. You can see an artificially decorated roof heaped up with lots of stones and earth. 3. “Tree Trunk Coffin from Jutland. Middle Bronze Age. Midst of 2nd Millennium B.C.” The tree trunk coffin a lengthwise split and caved tree trunk can already be found in the early Stone Age but mainly appears in the Early European Bronze Age. 4. “The royal tom of Seddin. Late Bronze Age around 800 B.C.” This barrow has a diameter of 85m and his 10 meters high. 5. “Ashes graves of the Iron Age. 800-500 A.C.” 6. “Tomb of Leuna. Early Iron Age around 300. A.C.” In this field of inhumations graves you can see skeletons and jars of silver, bronze and glass. 7. “Oseberg-grave. Finland. Viking-Age. Around 900 A.C.“ The Oseberg-ship, the grave of a Norwegian princess was discovered in 1903. You can see grave goods as tools, artificially carved carriages and slides in the right column of the picture.

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Ein Dorf in der jüngeren Steinzeit , 1956 - The picture shows life and culture around 4000 to 2000 B.C. in the south-western part of Germany: In the foreground a big house of wood and clay with a thatched roof is depicted. It is built on piles close to the lake (the Lake Constance). In the background you can see a further lake-dwelling settlement which is only accessible by a narrow bridge. The following activities are depicted on the wall chart: On the right side in the foreground you can see three men at work, constructing further lake-dwellings. Left of them a further man is working with a Young Stone Age drilling machine. A woman with a child on her arm is standing at his side and a young boy is playing on the wooden ground. Behind him you can see a domestic dog. On the right side of the family a women is weaving cloth with help of a weaving frame and another women is milling grain on a granitic boulder. On the water you can see fishermen at work with their fishing nets and spears; others are caving a tree trunk with the purpose to use it as a boat. In the background peasants are furrowing the field.

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Die Bronzezeit. 2000-800 v. Chr. , 1963 - The subtitle on the chart is: „4000 years ago humans learned to produce metal from ore. With copper and tin they obtained hard materials that could be cast in moulds: Bronze. This was the beginning of a new era of mankind, the beginning of the Metal Ages.” A map on the wall charts shows the spread of Indo-Germanic settlements. Ten images show a Germanic man of the Bronze Age; a Germanic woman; a belt buckle and an armlet; jewelry for female garments, an East-Germanic face urn; the Trundholm sun chariot, a wind instrument called lur, some kinds of weapons: sword, dagger, axe and lance as well as a lake-dwelling settlement and petroglyphs of the Northern tribes as a symbol of cultic feasts.

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Bildtafel zur Vorgeschichte , 1963 - This chart shows art works, weapons, jewelry and graveyards from eight different historical periods in 5 times 8 columns (top down). I. Lower to middle Paleolithic 600000-4000 B.C.; II. Neolithic 4000-1800 B.C.; III. Bronze Age, 1800-1000 B.C.; IV. Hallstatt Culture 1000-500 B.C.; V. La Tène-Culture, 500-0 B.C VI. Roman Empire 0-400 A.C.; VII. Migration Period 400-800 A.C.; VIII. Viking Age 800-1000 A.C.

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Klosterleben (12. Jh.) , 1956 - On seven depictions this wall charts shows a medieval monastery and the different tasks of monastic life. In the center of the wall chart you can see the big picture of a monastery complex: the church, a cloistered courtyard as well as the refectory, the dormitory, the chapter house and the necessarium). Monks are working in the woods and on the fields surrounding the monastery. On the small depictions monastic life is shown by pictures showing worship and prayer (2), education in a local school (3), hospitality (4), studying the scripture and copying manuscripts (5), pastoral care (6) and maintenance works (7). The wall chart probably shows the oldest European Benedictine monastery in the form it had in the 12th century. The development of towns and universities changed the feudal system which formerly collaborated with the monasteries.

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In einem alten Kloster , 1950 - The picture shows a medieval monastery complex. Works like field and forest work are depicted in the surrounding lands. Inside of the walls you can see some monks (with tonsures) also doing different kinds of work: caring for the fruit trees in spring, working in the vegetable and herb garden, caring of the sick (pastoral care), at the church service (praying), doing clerical work (clerical studies), in the forge, doing stone cutter art work on the church wall and furthermore in conversation with the young and the old. What is more, you can see a wanderer who has found shelter in the monastery. The medieval monasteries derive their importance especially since the 9th century when Charlemagne found many monastery and cathedral schools. Only with the growing importance of the cities and universities they lost their significant cultural position.

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Fest an einem deutschen Fürstenhof im 18. Jahrhundert. , 1951 - The picture shows a grand princely Court in the baroque period (end of 16th/ 17th century). The depicted scene takes place in the courtyard garden where music and fireworks entertain the ceremony guests who are illuminated by the enlightend halls in the background. The ladies are wearing baroque-style abundant crinolines, frill sleeves, low-cut necklines, are carrying fans and are wearing small masks and have pinned-up, ribbon-decorated hairstyles. The men are wearing Justaucorps, vests, knee breeches, white knee-socks, buckled shoes, lace-trimmed collars and periwigs. Influences of French colonialism are obvious: a short, dark-skinned man with poulaines, golden earrings and a turban is running after a small dog.

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Vor dem Goethehaus zu Weimars klassischer Zeit. Weimar, 1932 - The picture shows the two poet friends Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832) and Friedrich Schiller (1759-1805) on the doorstep of the house of Goethe in Weimar. A carriage is awaiting Schiller who is saying good bye to Goethe. The square in front of the house, some pedestrians and the grand façade of the house fill most of the picture. The entrance of the house which resembles a Greek porticus reflects Goethe’s fondness for the aesthetics of Classical Antiquitiy. The movement of Weimar Classicism refers to the four artists Wieland, Goethe, Herder and Schiller in Weimar from 1786-1805 (after Goethe’s voyage to Italy until the death of Schiller).

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Bronzezeit , 1990 - The picture shows Bronze Age people in front of their houses, manufacturing tools and weapons of copper and tin. They are forging swords, knifes, axes and kettles. On the left side you can see a women wearing pieces of artistically forged jewellery. In the background men are with cattle, working in agriculture. The bronze colour of the picture reflects the production of metal goods.

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Ein römisch-gallisches Dorf , - The picture shows the inside of a Gallo-Roman town in Gaul. The influence the ancient Roman culture had on the civilization of Gaul (from AD to the 7th century) is notable.

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Germanisches Gehöfte. Vor der Völkerwanderung , 1889 - The picture shows a Germanic free man and his companion, armed with lances, returning to their farmstead. His wife and children are welcoming them. The scene takes place before the Migration Period (before 375 A.C.). The cow or goat skulls, hanging at the entrance and the fence are pagan symbols. Different hairstyle and clothes of the depicted persons indicate differences in origin form different tribes, Saxons and Suebi and status. The free man is depicted with blond and red hair, whilst his slave is depicted as foreigner with dark hair and skin.

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Fra Bronzealderen ?, 1925 - Billedet viser dagligdagen i bronzealderen med smeden, landmanden, der pløjer, og en gruppe krigere.

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Tempeldans på Kreta. Kreta, 1951 - .

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Germanische Tracht zur Bronzezeit - um 1600 v. d. Zr , 1936 - The picture shows three Teutons wearing traditional clothes of the 2nd century BC (Bronze Age). In this period the Germanic tribes still consisted of many different ethnical Iron-Age groups.

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Germanische Sonnenwendfeier (Urgermanenzeit) , 1935 - The picture shows a midsummer night celebration, which was an important feast in many ancient and medieval cultures. You can see a tribe gathering on a hill at the time of sunset. All people have blond hair which is as unlikely as their short haircut. During the Northern Bronze Age there were many different and culturally independent peoples and tribes. Thus, the existence of the depicted Proto-Germanic ethnic identity is questionable.

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Ægyptisk gravkammer. ., 1951 - .

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