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Antwerp’ citadel after the capitulation (Chassé House) (1832) Antwerpen, 1856 - Belgium was under Dutch control, but wanted to become independent. The great powers ratified a treaty on May 4th 1832 and decided on a trade embargo against the Netherlands. The French wee allowed to besiege Antwerp in order to pressure King William I to surrender the town.

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Bombardment of Algiers (1816) Algiers, 1856 - Algiers was infamous as a pirate nest which made the Mediterranean Sea unsafe. To restrict the influence of the Algerian piracy , the State General sent several war ships to the Mediterranean Sea in 1815. With assistance of English ships a large part of the city was set on fire.

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Self-sacrifice of Hambroek (1662) Formosa, 1856 - Since 1624 the East India Company had established control on Formosa. Under its charge missionaries worked on the Christianization of the indigenous people: amongst them was doctor Antonius Hambroek. On April 30th 1661 Chinese-Japanse warlord Koxinga (Kok seng yâ) invaded the island, whereby Hambroek fell to Chinese hands. Fort Zeelandia remained under Dutch control. Koxinga decided to send Hambroek as a representative to meet with Coyett, commander of the fort, to convince him to surrender. In stead of demanding surrender, Hambroek urged Coyett to persist in battle. Hambroek decided to return to Koxinga, who beheaded him.

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Death of Frederick Henry (1647) 's-Gravenhage, 1856 - Frederick Henry succeeded his half-brother Maurice of Orange as stadtholder. As army captain he preferred to besiege towns over fighting field-battles. His many successful sieges. Such as ‘s-Hertogenbosch and Breda, earned him the name ‘stedendwinger’ (town forcer). He past away in 1647 after a long sickbed.

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Frederik Hendrik voor ’s-Hertogenbosch, 1629. ’s-Hertogenbosch, 1950-1953 - Uit de handleiding 1959: ‘‘Niet enkel om het rijksrumoer, dat om de Bossche Stedemaagd was in de zomer van het jaar 1629, maar bovenal om het strategisch talent, hetwelk de Stedendwinger toen aan de dag legde, is de belegering van ’s-Hertogenbosch een van de merkwaardigste uit de tachtigjarige oorlog. In de geduchte omwalling, de uitgestrekte çontrevallation’ der vestingbouwkundigen, die zich als een tegen-stad keert tegen een ommuurde veste, vormt in deze belegering de ‘groote batterij’. Naar het westen ligt het dorp Vught. Op de plaat staat een geharnaste ruiter-officier vóór de Prins om zijn orders te ontvangen. De eerbiedingshouding tegenover een meerdere eist een ruststand met de linkervoet vooruit. De schuine oprit dwingt de officier tot een kniebuiging. Zijn paard wordt door een boer aan de toom gehouden. Hij is één van het leger der schansgravers, die uit Holland zijn gekomen. Dit is dus de gespannen toestand van de 14de Juni, toen alles in staat van paraatheid was om elke ontwikkeling der krijgsverrichtingen te overzien en te beantwoorden. De bevelhebbers van deze sector zijn bijeen. De voornaamste, prins Frederik Hendrik, is hoofd en hart van allen en alles. Hij is het centrum van het tafereel. Er staan ter zijde enkele pages, die de Prins in zijn legerplaats moesten dienen. Een ervan draagt de helm van zijn heer. Naast de Prins staat de Friese stadhouder Ernst Casimir, De kanonniers richten de stukken. Het kanon achter de Prins is gereed om te vuren. Een sergeant houdt de lontstok met ontstoken lont klaar. In de groep achter Frederik Hendrik komt de Engelse aanvoerder, sir Horatio Vere, uit. Ook de dichter Constantijn Huygens, die als secretaris van de Prins bij alle handelingen van Frederik Hendrik betrokken werd, bevindt zich in de staf. Terzijde staat Jan Adriaansz Leeghwater. Zijn waterwerken vormden een uiterst belangrijk deel van de stellingen tegen de stad. De orange-blanche-bleu-vlag, die van alle stellingen waait, spreekt zowel van de aanvoerder,de Oranjeprins, als van de Staten. De standaard van Frederik Hendrik, door een geharnaste ruiter gedragen, volgt de opperbevelhebber op alle tochten door het leger.’

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’s-Hertogenbosch door Frederik Hendrik belegerd, 1629. ’s-Hertogenbosch, 1911 - Uit handleiding circa 1915: ‘Niet enkel om het rijksrumoer, dat om de Bossche Stedemaagd was in de zomer van het jaar 1629, maar bovenal om het strategisch talent, hetwelk de Stedendwinger toen aan de dag legde, is de belegering van ’s-Hertogenbosch een van de merkwaardigste uit deTachtigjarige oorlog. De plaat geeft een panorama te zien, zoals dit zich voorgedaan zou hebben aan de aanschouwer, die in de middag van de 19e Juli anno 1629 de Vuchter kerktoren had beklommen en vandaar zijn blikken naar het noorden had gewend. Beneden ziet hij nog juist het hoofdkwartier van de Prins, waar zich een stukje kampleven afspeelt. Marketensters en zoetelaars hebben daar hun tentjes en hutjes opgeslagen. Op de maat van de viool doen soldaten en vrouwen een lustig rondedansje. Van links komt de Prins op zijn schimmel aanrijden tussen twee hoofdofficieren, voorafgegaan door een officier te paard en twee pages en gevolgd door enige gewapende manschappen. ’s-Hertogenbosch ligt daar midden in het Spaanse inundatiewater, dat de Prins zo vernuftig wist af te tappen en te leiden om zijn eigen kamp ter bescherming tegen een ontzettingsleger. Het grootste fort is al in ’s Prinsen macht. Een volgende wordt vandaar uit beschoten en veroverd. Dan worden de loopgraven aangelegd tegen een bolwerk van de Vuchterpoort en daarna moet de stad zich overgeven.’

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Entry of Prince Frederick Henry in ‘s-Hertogenbosch (1629) ‘s-Hertogenbosch , 1856 - The Siege of ‘s-Hertogenbosch in 1629 was a large-scale counterattack of Prince Frederick Henry on the Spanish during the Eighty Years’ War. The siege lasted form April to half September. Eventually the town was taken over by Frederick Henry of Orange.

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Prince Maurice at Geertruidenberg (1593) Geertruidenberg, 1856 - In 1593 Maurice of Orange besieged the town of Geertruidenberg. The town surrendered after a struggle of two months. This victory established Maurice’s fame.

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Siege of Breda (1590) Breda, 1856 - Breda fell into Spanish hands. To regain control over the town Maurice sent a peat barge to the town in which soldiers were hidden. Upon arrival the soldiers overpowered the guards and soon the town fell to Maurice.

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French fury at Antwerp (Anjou driven from Antwerp) (1583) Antwerpen, 1856 - The Duke of Anjou was appointed Prince and Lord of the Netherlands. He was ceremoniously honoured in Antwerp in 1582. To increase his power he entered Antwerp with French troops in January 1583.

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Van der Werff at the Siege of Leiden (1574) Leiden, 1856 - Leiden was besieged and surrounded by Valdez on May 20th 1574. The town had little food supplies. The wall chart displays mayor Van der Werff offering his own body as food. The citizens beg for the town to surrender, which did not happen. Leiden was relieved on October 3rd 1574.

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Kenau Simons Hasselaar in Haarlem (1573) Haarlem, 1856 - Haarlem had to endure a long and severe siege, from December 8th 1572 until July 12th 1573. When the situation was at its worst, she led a company of 300 women in defence of the town.

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Capture of Den Briel (1572) Brielle, 1856 - Several times the Prince and the Sea Beggars attempted to seize Dutch towns from the Spanish. On April 1st 1572 the Sea Beggars managed to capture Den Briel.

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Jan van Schaffelaar (1482) Barneveld, 1856 - Jan van Schaffelaar was a cavalry captain for the Cods, who conquered the church tower of Barneveld. Hook soldiers besieged the tower. To indicate that the Cod’s would surrender, Van Schaffelaar threw himself of the tower.

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Joan of Arc and the coronation of Charles VII Reims, - The picture shows the coronation of Charles VII in the Cathedral of Reims on 17th of July 1429. Joan of Arc participated in the ceremony. In the picture you can see her standing beside the altar and hailing the flag of victory. She´s wearing the suit of armour she used during the Hundred Years War when she fought for the French against the British. It is the peak of her fame.

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The death of Albrecht Beyling (1425) Schoonhoven, 1856 - Between 1350 and 1490 AD, Holland and Zeeland were the stage of the Hook and Cod wars. Two groups of noblemen battled for power. Even towns chose side. Important to this war was the disputed succession right of Jacoba of Bayern. Although many Cods had entrenched themselves in the castle of Schoonhoven, Jacoba of Bayern did manage to conquer the town. Every Cod was promised safe withdrawal, apart from the castle’s second-in-command, Albrecht Beyling from Gouda. He was buried alive.

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Delft surrenders with a treaty to Albrecht of Bayern (1359) Delft, 1856 - Albrecht of Bayern rose to power after his brother Count Willem V became insane. Part of the citizens (the Cods) disagreed to this and revolted (mostly in Delft). The image shows the people surrendering.

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Rütli Rütli 1291 (alpine meadow) at the Lake of Lucerne, 1969 - On this wall chart you can see the Rütli Oath, which is known as the founding myth of Switzerland as a confederation between the three original cantons Ury, Schwyz and Unterwalden. Depicted are members of all three cantons gathering around a fire. The scene takes place on a meadow close to the Lake of Lucerne, which you can see in the background. In the centre of the picture you can see three men swearing the oath by putting their hands together. All confederates are raising their arms, to federalize against the Habsburgs.

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The siege of Jerusalem by the First Crusade , 1933 - The picture shows the siege of Jerusalem (7th to 15th July 1099) during the first crusade. After the destruction of the Church of the Resurrection (1095 A.C.), Byzantines Emperor Alexios I Komnenos was seeking for western support. In response to that, Urban II proclaimed the First crusade to Jerusalem. On the picture you can see a martial depiction of the assault on the city of Jerusalem with siege engines, catapults, siege towers and mobile wooden walls. The troops of the Fatimid governors defend the city.

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The Viking siege of Paris Paris, - The picture shows the Viking siege of Paris around 885-886 AC. On the right you can see the warships of the Viking army landing on the fortified banks of the Seine River in Paris. On the right side the city wall with the watchtowers and the defensive walkway are depicted. The Viking attackers are armed with helmets, shields, lances, swords and plated mail. In the background you can see the surrounding land of Paris, looted and set on fire.

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17th Century. Thirty-Years War. The raids of Louis XIV , 1937 - The frieze about the 17th Century shows the timeline (1600-1700 A.C.) with the following dates, which are tagged with red and black arrows: 1608/09 A.C. Union-League; 1630 A.C. Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden comes to the Protestants’ help; 1632 A.C. Gustavus Adolphus’ victory and death in the battle of Lützen; 1640 A.C. The Great Elector’s accession to power; 1648 The Peace of Westphalia; 1655-1660 A.C. Second Northern War; 1667/68 A.C. French War of Devolution against Spain, 1675 A.C. Battle of Fehrbellin; 1672-1678 The Franco-Dutch War; 1681 A.C. French occupation (“spoils”) of Strasburg; 1683 Siege of Vienna, 1686 A.C. Ofen, Mohàcs, 1688 A.C. Death of the Great Elector; 1688-1697 A.C. Nine Year’s War; 1699 A.C. Peace of Karlowitz.

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Assault on the castle , - The picture shows an assault on a castle: Armoured knights are storming the castle after having filled in the coat. You can see flame projectiles, fired from huge wooden catapults. The attackers use ladders and siege towers, skins and wooden walls to protect themselves from the defenders’ arrows. The defense is pouring pitch, shooting with bow and arrow through the merlons, throwing stones and is fighting with lances and axe.

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Siege of a medieval castle , 1972 - According to the subtitle, “ Manesse manuscript University of Heidelberg” this wall chart shows one of the miniatures of the Codex Manesse, which is one of the most comprehensive and important German manuscripts of medieval Minnesang. The picture is dated to 1305-1340 and illuminates the manuscript of a song written by a minstrel “Düring”. Due to the songwriters name and the dialect of the minnelied its origin might lay in the German region “Thüringen”. On the picture you can see the siege of a castle. While knights assault the castle with bows, arrows and ax the Lord of the castle and his men defend it by throwing stones.

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