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Richthofen in an aerial combat , 1935 - The picture shows the fighter pilot Manfred von Richthofen (1892-1918) in an aerial fight against allied British fighters during WW I. On the left side you can see the grey biplanes of the allied troops – two of them crashing down. They were hit by the “Red Baron” how Richthofen was called because of his red painted airplane. The picture probably depicts the battle of 21st of April 1918, in which Richthofen was killed. During the Nazi-regime the death-day of Richthofen was celebrated as day of the air-force.

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H.M. King William II passes away (1849) Tilburg, 1856 - William Frederick George Louis, Prince of Orange-Nassau, succeeds his father, King William I, as King William II of the Netherlands. Amongst other things, he took part in the Battle of Waterloo. William II became ill on March 13th 1849 and passed away on March 17th 1849 in Tilburg.

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Battle of Waterloo (1815) Waterloo, 1856 - After his defeat at Leipzig in 1814, Napoleon was banished to the island of Elba, from where he escaped in the spring of 1815. He quickly marched on Paris where he managed to assemble an army of 200.000 men. At Waterloo the French army was defeated by the allied troops of England, Prussia and the Netherlands. The Prince of Orange was commander of the Dutch army and was hurt at his shoulder during battle.

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The battle of the Nations. Storming of the Grimma gate in the evening of the 19th of October 1813 Leipzig, 1938 - The picture shows the decisive battle against Napoleon’s troops on October 16th to 19th 1813, the battle of the nations near Leipzig. You can see the storming of Leipzig right after the retreat of the French troops. Depicted are invading soldiers in street fights with French troops. The Prussian General Friedrich Wilhelm von Bülow was the first who arrived in Leipzig and seized the suburb of Grimma. The Prussian allies were Austria, Russia and Sweden.

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Neuenegg (1798) , - The picture shows the battle of Neuenegg (5th of March, 1798) between French and Berne troops during the French incursion in Switzerland. You can see the retreat of the French troops; in the foreground adjutant general Weber simultaneously sounding the retreat.

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William V and the heroes of Doggersbank (1781) Doggersbank , 1856 - On August 5th 1781 the Dutch encountered the British fleet. The battle remained undecided and both parties were forced to retreat. In the Republic this was celebrated like a victory. This would be the last sea-battle of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands.

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Death of Lt.Adm. M.A. de Ruyter (tomb in the Nieuwe Kerk in Amsterdam) Amsterdam, 1856 - The Battle of Agosta on April 22nd 1676, of the Dutch against the French, would be De Ruyter’s final sea battle. Standing on deck, De Ruyter was hit by a bullet. A marble mausoleum was erected in his honour in the Nieuwe Kerk in Amsterdam.

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Aan de Hollandse waterlinie, 1672. Hollandse waterlinie tussen Zuiderzee en Merwede, 1911 - Uit Nederlandsche schoolplaten van J.B. Wolters’uitgevers-maatschappij uit 1927: ‘Aan de Hollandsche Waterlinie naast de kloekheid van den Kapitein-Generaal, welhaast Stadhouder, den jeugdigen Prins van Oranje, had Holland in 1672 zijn behoud te danken. We zien den Prins aan den voet van een dijk of kade in gezelschap van een zijner bevelhebbers de inundatie in oogenschouw nemen. Zijne Hoogheid bespreekt met een ingenieur of landmeter de maatregelen, welke nog genomen dienen te worden, om de afsluiting nog meer volkomen te maken. Daartoe houdt de landmeter den Prins een kaart voor, waarop deze eenige aanwijzingen doet. Het eskorte van den Prins behoort tot de Garde Cavalerie. Op het onder water gezette land drijft een uitlegger met een paar veldstukken bewapend en met matrozen bemand. Heel in de verte ligt een Hollandsch fort.’ Nadat het oprichten van de Utrechtse Waterlinie (het onderwater zetten van land) in 1629 een effectieve verdedigingswijze bleek te zijn, werd in 1672 snel een waterlinie tussen de Zuiderzee en de Merwede ingericht om de Franse troepen onder Lodewijk XIV tegen te houden voor zij ook Holland zouden veroveren. Deze linie liep van Muiden via Woerden en Goejanverwellesluis tot Gorinchem. Utrecht viel er buiten omdat deze stad op dat moment reeds door de Fransen was veroverd.

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The capture of the Royal Charles on the Thames (1667) Medway, 1856 - Although peace talks were well under way in Breda to end the Second Anglo-Dutch War, De Witt rejected a cease-fire offer. As ambassador extraordinary of the States, he sent his brother Cornelis along with Lieutenant-Admiral Michiel de Ruyter to sail up the river Thames in order to destroy the English fleet at Chatham. During this battle, the Raid on the Medway, the ship Royal Charles was captured.

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Self-sacrifice of Hambroek (1662) Formosa, 1856 - Since 1624 the East India Company had established control on Formosa. Under its charge missionaries worked on the Christianization of the indigenous people: amongst them was doctor Antonius Hambroek. On April 30th 1661 Chinese-Japanse warlord Koxinga (Kok seng yâ) invaded the island, whereby Hambroek fell to Chinese hands. Fort Zeelandia remained under Dutch control. Koxinga decided to send Hambroek as a representative to meet with Coyett, commander of the fort, to convince him to surrender. In stead of demanding surrender, Hambroek urged Coyett to persist in battle. Hambroek decided to return to Koxinga, who beheaded him.

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Jan van Galen injured at Leghorn (1653) Leghorn (Livorno in Italian), 1856 - At the outbreak of the First Anglo-Dutch War in 1652, Jan van Galen was appointed Commodore of the Dutch fleet in the Mediterranean Sea. At Leghorn (Livorno in Italian) the Dutch fleet entered into battle with the English fleet. On March 14th 1653, during the Battle of Leghorn, Jan van Galen was fatally wounded and eventually died.

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Death of Frederick Henry (1647) 's-Gravenhage, 1856 - Frederick Henry succeeded his half-brother Maurice of Orange as stadtholder. As army captain he preferred to besiege towns over fighting field-battles. His many successful sieges. Such as ‘s-Hertogenbosch and Breda, earned him the name ‘stedendwinger’ (town forcer). He past away in 1647 after a long sickbed.

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Christian IV på Trefoldigheden Oostzee, 1944 circa - I december 1643 indledte den svenske general Torstensson en overrumplingskrig ved at erobre Holsten og efterfølgende hele Jylland, da Christian IV forsøgte at indføre en told for alle skibe, der ville sejle på Elben til og fra Hamburg. 1. juni sejlede den svenske hovedflåde ud fra Stockholm for at sejle Torstenssons tropper til Sjælland. Da flåden nåede frem, var der ingen tropper, og flåden erobrede i stedet Femern. 1. juli mødtes den danske og svenske flåde i søslaget på Kolberger Heide. Slaget endte uafgjort, men det lykkedes den danske flåde at indespærre den svenske flåde i Kielerfjorden. Søslaget på Kolberger Heide blev berømt, fordi kongen mistede synet på det ene øje, da en svensk kugle ramte en kanon på flagskibet Trefoldigheden. Kongen faldt om, men rejste sig straks igen og opfordrede til videre kamp, hvilket gav Johannes Ewald inspiration til kongesangen ”Kong Christian stod ved højen Mast” og Vilhelm Marstrand til dette maleri.

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Battle of the Downs (1639) The Downs, 1856 - The Battle of the Down took place in the Channel in 1639. Lieutenant-Admiral Maarten Tromp and Vice-Admiral Witte de With gained a decisive victory over a Spanish war fleet under command of Antonio de Oquendo.

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Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden, praying before the Battle of Lützen 1632 Lützen, 1911 - “Based on an oil-painting of Prof. Louis Braun”. The picture shows king Gustav II Adolf (1594-1632), who1630 intervened in the Thirty Years War in Germany. He fought for the German Protestants against the Habsburg powers, who reaching the Baltic Sea were a threat to Sweden. In the year 1632 near Lützen (today Saxony-Anhalt) he fought against Wallenstein and the Habsburg troops and was killed by a shoot. Later the Protestants revered him as martyr and declared him savior of the German Protestantism, although he only aimed at defending the hegemonic power of Sweden. The picture shows Gustav praying before the battle raising his sword up to the sky. Behind Gustav you can see cavalries with the Swedish flag, in front of him killed soldiers.

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The Dutch in front of Jacatra (1618) Java, 1856 - Governor-general Pieter Both settled in Bantam in 1610 and established a merchant settlement. The English resided in the Indies as well, which led to a battle. Dutchman Jan Pieterzoon Coen secured the Dutch victory over the area.

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The naval Battle of Gibraltar (death of Heemskerk) (1607) Gibraltar, 1856 - In 1607, during the Eighty Years’ War, a Dutch fleet surprised a Spanish fleet which lay anchored at the Bay of Gibraltar. During this battle Jacob van Heemskerk (one of the Nova Zembla explorers) was killed.

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The battle of Nieuwpoort (1600) Nieuwpoort, 1856 - The battle of Nieuwpoort was a battle in 1600, during the Eighty Years’ War between the Dutch and Spanish armies. Maurice of Orange was ordered by the States General to Dunkirk in Flanders in order to take over the town. A large Spanish army, led by archduke Albrecht of Austria, unexpectedly came to Flanders. This led to the Battle of Nieuwpoort. Due to Maurice’s strategies the Dutch won the battle.

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French fury at Antwerp (Anjou driven from Antwerp) (1583) Antwerpen, 1856 - The Duke of Anjou was appointed Prince and Lord of the Netherlands. He was ceremoniously honoured in Antwerp in 1582. To increase his power he entered Antwerp with French troops in January 1583.

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German Yeomanries are fighting for their independence , unknown - The picture shows a scene of the German peasants‘war between 1524 and 1526 (Southern Germany, Austria, Switzerland). Beside the peasants also mine workers and urban citizens took part in the revolution against the oppressive authorities. You can see the fight of the peasants against the knights of the seigniors. The peasants are fighting with lances and flails. In the background other peasants are looting and destroying a mill, probably an aristocratic estate. The battlefield is covered with snow; the scene of the depiction is dated to March of the year 1525 – the beginning of the revolts in Leipheim. The peasant troops were combated by the troops of the Swabian confederation. The subtitle of the wall chart is “Lewwer duad üs Slav” (its better to be dead than to be a slave) cites a Frisian slogan, well known as verse of Liliencron’s ballad “Pidder Lüng” (1844) which tells about the revolt of a poor fisherman. Later the slogan was abused by the Nazi-Propaganda as an example for the alleged bravery of the (blonde and blue-eyed) Nordic.

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Giornico 1478 Giornico, 1948 - The picture shows the battle near Giornico, on 28th of December 1478, in the today’s Canton Ticino. The Canton Uri fought against Milan for the valley of Leventina which is the main entrance to the Gotthard Pass. You can see the Swiss army, which in the narrow valley and under the wintry conditions has the advantage over the Milan army. They’re throwing boulders at the enemy in the valley. You can see the flag of the Canton Uri (black cow head on yellow background) and the Milan flag (white snake on red background).

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The body of Charles the Bold, frozen in the mud, is found (1477) Nancy, 1856 - Charles the Bold died in January 1477 in an attempt to conquer the town of Nancy. His body was left on the battlefield for several days.

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The death of Albrecht Beyling (1425) Schoonhoven, 1856 - Between 1350 and 1490 AD, Holland and Zeeland were the stage of the Hook and Cod wars. Two groups of noblemen battled for power. Even towns chose side. Important to this war was the disputed succession right of Jacoba of Bayern. Although many Cods had entrenched themselves in the castle of Schoonhoven, Jacoba of Bayern did manage to conquer the town. Every Cod was promised safe withdrawal, apart from the castle’s second-in-command, Albrecht Beyling from Gouda. He was buried alive.

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The death of Count Willem IV (1345) Stavoren, 1856 - Count Willem IV travelled to the beach to end the revolt of the people of Stavoren. During this battle Count Willem IV was killed.

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The death of Earl Willem II (1256) West-Friesland, 1856 - Earl Willem II attempted to end the West-Frisian revolt. In January 1256 he marched into West-Friesland with an army. However, the cold had frozen-over all waters causing Willem II to fall through the ice whilst still on horseback and die.

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De Noormannen voor Dorestad. Wijk bij duurstede, 1928 circa - Uit Nederlandsche schoolplaten van J.B. Wolters’uitgevers-maatschappij uit 1932: ‘Handelaars en zeeroovers tegelijk, waren de Vikingen met hun vloot den Rijn opgevaren naar Dorestad, waar in de handelswijk rijke voorraden koopmansgoederen, vooral metaalwaren, lagen opgetast. Toen het met een eerlijken handel niet vlotten wilde, werd de koopstad geplunderd en daarna in brand gestoken. Op de loopplank van zijn drakenschip staat de aanvoerder het werk van zijn mannen te aanschouwen. Een skald begeleidt met zijn snareninstrument zijn zegezang der Vikingen. Allerlei buit is reeds in der haast op het schip geborgen: slagzwaarden met den naam van den wapensmid Ulfberht of het Christelijke Nema (= het omgekeerde “amen”) er in gegrift; een kerkschrijn, een priestergewaad, een Saksisch schild, een helm en vaatwerk. De Vikingen naderen met buit. Een Noorsche bazuin jubelt over den uitslag van den overval.’ Dorestad was in de negende eeuw een succesvolle handelsplaats. Daarom trok deze stad de aandacht van de Vikingen die deze stad meerdere malen aanvielen en plunderden. De eerste aanval was in 834 en de laatste keer in 863.

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Apronius defeated by the Frisians (28 AD) Baduhenner Woud (tussen Leeuwarden en Sneek), 1856 - A breached agreement between the Frisians, Batavians and the Romans caused the Frisians and Batavians to revolt. In answer, the Roman army commander and senator Apronius travelled to Friesland. The wall chart displays the battle scene. The wall chart itself states 28 BC, the manual however states this ought to be 28 AD.

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Arminius the Chersuci. Battle of the Teutoburg Forest Bramsche am Kalkriese, 1938 - The picture shows Arminius, the chieftain of the Cherusci, who in the year 9 AC defeated three Roman legions. You can see the Germanic soldiers coming out of the woods and throwing their spears after the Romans. Arminius had Roman civil rights and as a Roman ally had obtained the confidence of the Roman governor. Arminius awaited the right moment, ambushed the Romans and defeated them.

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17th Century. Thirty-Years War. The raids of Louis XIV , 1937 - The frieze about the 17th Century shows the timeline (1600-1700 A.C.) with the following dates, which are tagged with red and black arrows: 1608/09 A.C. Union-League; 1630 A.C. Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden comes to the Protestants’ help; 1632 A.C. Gustavus Adolphus’ victory and death in the battle of Lützen; 1640 A.C. The Great Elector’s accession to power; 1648 The Peace of Westphalia; 1655-1660 A.C. Second Northern War; 1667/68 A.C. French War of Devolution against Spain, 1675 A.C. Battle of Fehrbellin; 1672-1678 The Franco-Dutch War; 1681 A.C. French occupation (“spoils”) of Strasburg; 1683 Siege of Vienna, 1686 A.C. Ofen, Mohàcs, 1688 A.C. Death of the Great Elector; 1688-1697 A.C. Nine Year’s War; 1699 A.C. Peace of Karlowitz.

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Widukind , 1936 - The picture shows Widukind (also Wittekind), who sparked the war against the Franks in 778 A.C. As leader of the Saxons he fought against Charlemagne, king of the Franks and against the Christian faith until the year 785 A.C., when he agreed to be baptized as part of a peace-treaty. Depicted are Widukind’s troops gathering in front of Widukind’s house and prepared for the battle. They are armored with lances, swords and helmets. In the top right corner of the entrance you can see rightwards angled swastikas, who in former Germanic times did not yet possess any specific political meaning but were symbolized the sun gear or the hammer of Thor.

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