Wall charts, history and European Identity

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Honouring the flag , - The picture shows a ceremony in honour of the Swiss flag on 19th of August 1945 in Berne. This ceremony takes place to officially end the term of active service.

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Federal Assembly 1848 Berne, 1947 - The picture shows the ceremony of the federal Constitution of Switzerland, which was adapted on 12th of September 1848 by the federal assembly. With this Constitution the federal state of Switzerland was founded. The army holds a parade with drums and flags in front of the government building and the parliament in Berne. Above the people you can see the flags of all the cantons of Switzerland. The tricolor of the Helvetic Republic and the Swiss flag are hanging from the facade.

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The French Revolution of 1830: a barrcade Paris, - The picture shows the July Revolution of 1830 in Paris. Craftsmen, workers and students are revolting against Charles X who dissolved the parliament. They built barricades, are throwing chairs and kettles from their windows and are firing at the royalist army.

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Battle of Waterloo (1815) Waterloo, 1856 - After his defeat at Leipzig in 1814, Napoleon was banished to the island of Elba, from where he escaped in the spring of 1815. He quickly marched on Paris where he managed to assemble an army of 200.000 men. At Waterloo the French army was defeated by the allied troops of England, Prussia and the Netherlands. The Prince of Orange was commander of the Dutch army and was hurt at his shoulder during battle.

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English and Russian invasion of Noord-Holland (Russian general Herman captured) (1799) Callantsoog, 1856 - A British fleet of over 10.000 men invaded the Netherlands at the beach of Callantsoog on August 27th 1799. In the following weeks the British received reinforcements from mostly Russian troops. Initially the invasion seemed successful: the Batavian fleet surrendered to the English. However, subsequently the English-Russian army was defeated by the French-Batavian troops.

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Departure of William V (1795) Scheveningen, 1856 - The French troops crossed the frozen rivers into the Republic in the winter of 1794-1795. On January 18th 1795 stadtholder William V fled from Scheveningen to England. His flight marked the end of the reign of stadtholders from the line of Orange, as well as the end of the Republic of the United Seven Netherlands and its army. A political turnover began: the Batavian Republic (1795-1806) was proclaimed.

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Death of the brothers De Witt (1672) 's-Gravenhage, 1856 - After Johan de Witt’s power was overtaken during the “disaster year” of 1672 and William III was appointed captain of the States army, the opposition to De Witt remained unsatisfied. Therefore, a false charge made against his brother Cornelis who was consequently imprisoned at the Gevangenpoort (prison gate) in The Hague. When Johan visited his brother, both were killed.

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Death of Frederick Henry (1647) 's-Gravenhage, 1856 - Frederick Henry succeeded his half-brother Maurice of Orange as stadtholder. As army captain he preferred to besiege towns over fighting field-battles. His many successful sieges. Such as ‘s-Hertogenbosch and Breda, earned him the name ‘stedendwinger’ (town forcer). He past away in 1647 after a long sickbed.

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J. van Oldenbarneveld given notice of his death sentence (1619) 's-Gravenhage, 1856 - The Netherlands were governed by J. van Oldenbarneveld (politics) and Maurice of Orange (army). During the Twelve Year Truce, Maurice also meddled with politics, which caused difference of opinions. Maurice had Van Oldenbarneveld captured under the pretence of treason and finally beheaded.

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Camp life. Period of the Thirty Years War , 1889 - The picture shows the life of the soldiers in a military camp during the Thirty Years War (1618-1648. On the left side of the picture you can see reveling and playing warriors. On the right side of the picture a group of arriving soldiers with women and children is depicted. In the background is the camp with many different types of tents, flags and soldiers.

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The battle of Nieuwpoort (1600) Nieuwpoort, 1856 - The battle of Nieuwpoort was a battle in 1600, during the Eighty Years’ War between the Dutch and Spanish armies. Maurice of Orange was ordered by the States General to Dunkirk in Flanders in order to take over the town. A large Spanish army, led by archduke Albrecht of Austria, unexpectedly came to Flanders. This led to the Battle of Nieuwpoort. Due to Maurice’s strategies the Dutch won the battle.

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The arrival of the Earl of Leicester at Vlissingen (1585) Vlissingen, 1856 - After the death of William of Orange the Netherlands were looking for a new army commander to lead the troops. Queen Elisabeth of England offered a new army leader: Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester. He arrived at Vlissingen in 1585.

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Giornico 1478 Giornico, 1948 - The picture shows the battle near Giornico, on 28th of December 1478, in the today’s Canton Ticino. The Canton Uri fought against Milan for the valley of Leventina which is the main entrance to the Gotthard Pass. You can see the Swiss army, which in the narrow valley and under the wintry conditions has the advantage over the Milan army. They’re throwing boulders at the enemy in the valley. You can see the flag of the Canton Uri (black cow head on yellow background) and the Milan flag (white snake on red background).

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The death of Earl Willem II (1256) West-Friesland, 1856 - Earl Willem II attempted to end the West-Frisian revolt. In January 1256 he marched into West-Friesland with an army. However, the cold had frozen-over all waters causing Willem II to fall through the ice whilst still on horseback and die.

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The Viking siege of Paris Paris, - The picture shows the Viking siege of Paris around 885-886 AC. On the right you can see the warships of the Viking army landing on the fortified banks of the Seine River in Paris. On the right side the city wall with the watchtowers and the defensive walkway are depicted. The Viking attackers are armed with helmets, shields, lances, swords and plated mail. In the background you can see the surrounding land of Paris, looted and set on fire.

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Claudius Civilis and Cerealis (70 AD) Gelderse IJssel, 1856 - The Batavian Claudius Civilis caused the Batavians to rise up against the Romans. The Roman army was commanded by Cerealis. The armies positioned themselves on either side of the river IJssel. On a demolished bridge the treaty between the two camps is reinstated, as the image displays.

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Apronius defeated by the Frisians (28 AD) Baduhenner Woud (tussen Leeuwarden en Sneek), 1856 - A breached agreement between the Frisians, Batavians and the Romans caused the Frisians and Batavians to revolt. In answer, the Roman army commander and senator Apronius travelled to Friesland. The wall chart displays the battle scene. The wall chart itself states 28 BC, the manual however states this ought to be 28 AD.

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Crusades , 1974 - The picture shows crusaders in the Middle East (1. crusade 1099 AD - 7. crusade 1396 AD). The Christian army consists of knights on horses, with shield and lance, hauberk and helmet. The helmets have different colours, according to the knight`s land of origin. Infantrymen, armed with bow and arrow, support the knights (People's crusade). At the horizon are Muslim troopers, wearing white clothes. They are also armed with bow and arrow.

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Roman estate , 1943 - The picture shows an estate (villa rustica) in a Germanic or Gaulish province of the Roman Empire. In the foreground you can see the agricultural work and the grain harvest. The landlord is riding a horse and watching the peasants work. The farmstead, with the main building, agricultural and annex buildings as well as temple is depicted in the background. In front of the farmyard you can see the road with a group of Roman soldiers and a few cavalrymen, carriages and haywains.

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Landsknechts , 1963 - The picture shows five woodcarvings, which are known to be used since the 1400th century. After 1450 A.C., with the development of movable printing these woodcarvings were frequently used as book illustrations. The first colour woodcuts, after Durer’s monochrome graphics were created in the year 1486. In the year 1520 Albrecht Altdorfer executed a multicolour printing with six printing blocks. You can see depictions of 5 landsknechts wearing typical clothes (coloured shirts and trousers with slit puffy sleeves, wide brimmed berets with feathers, cow-mouth shoes, coloured socks, and some of them wearing chest protection or chain mails) and carrying typical weapons (Katzbalger, pike, halberds). These five landsknetchs stand for different posts and duties of the time: 1. „Drumelschlager“ (of Hans Guldenmundt); 2. „Schramhanns“ (H. Guldenmundt); 3. „Der mit dem handt Roer“; 4. „Branntmayster (fire chief) (Niclas Melzeman letter painter in Nurnberg near the Lange Brücken)“; 5. „Feldtschreiber“.

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