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Fahnenehrung , - The picture shows a ceremony in honour of the Swiss flag on 19th of August 1945 in Berne. This ceremony takes place to officially end the term of active service.

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Das zerstörte Deutschland – Köln 1945. Cologne, 1965 - Germany destroyed – Cologne 1945 The picture shows a bird'S-eye view of Cologne in the year 1945 after the destruction of the city.In the aftermath of the allied air strikes the city laid in ashes. What had been one of the most important industrial and trading cities of western German was a sea of debris now. You can see the Cologne Cathedral which was the only building of the city that remained fairly undamaged. The scale of devastation depicted in this picture is applicable to most of the industrial cities in Germany after 1945.

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Naar het concentratiekamp, januari 1945. Amersfoort, 1970 circa - Uit de handleiding 1970: Vóór 1940 sprak men in Duitsland van de begeerte en de wil om het roofdier te wekken in de jeugd. ‘Het blonde beest’ werd het wilde ideaal. Dat heeft ons volk gezien. In verslagenheid en weerzin, daarna in halsstarrig verzet, in tegenstand – met of zonder wapens. In een razzia , een strooptocht, een mensenjacht, zijn jonge mensen opgejaagd en gegrepen. Nu worden zij onder ‘zware’ bewaking weggevoerd naar een concentratiekamp. De groep van afgematte jonge mannen verliest haar geslotenheid – er komen achterblijvers. De Obergefreiter – een rang die lager is dan een onderofficier – schreeuwt zijn bevel uit tot aaneensluiten. Hij draagt de Stahlhelm met rijkswapenschildje. Zijn helm is beschilderd, opdat hij zo beter schuil kan gaan tussen de begroeiing. Zijn rangteken draagt hij op de linkermouw. Op de mutsen van de soldaten is de rijksadelaar met het hakenkruis aangebracht. Achteraan loopt een Feldwebel, een onderofficier, herkenbaar aan een platte pet. Als bedwingende klemmen houden de gereedgehouden geweren de gevangenen bijeen. Kinderen waren aan het hout sprokkelen. De hongerwinter was bar en grimmig. Toen de soldaten kwamen, namen de kinderen de wijk. Angst en afschuw heersten. Een jutezak, met opgeraapte takken, bleef als stomme getuige achter. Nood en ellende, smaad en verwoesting. Zo is de oorlog, onterend, schandelijk. Dit tafereel eert hen, die krenking en lijden ondergingen voor gehéél ons volk.

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Richthofen im Luftkampf , 1935 - The picture shows the fighter pilot Manfred von Richthofen (1892-1918) in an aerial fight against allied British fighters during WW I. On the left side you can see the grey biplanes of the allied troops – two of them crashing down. They were hit by the “Red Baron” how Richthofen was called because of his red painted airplane. The picture probably depicts the battle of 21st of April 1918, in which Richthofen was killed. During the Nazi-regime the death-day of Richthofen was celebrated as day of the air-force.

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Ausmarsch zum Weltkrieg 1914. Eine Welle vaterländischer Begeisterung ergreift das Volk. , 1960 - The picture shows soldiers, liable to military service in August 1914, who are gathering after the announcement of mobilization (1st of August). The crowds are waving with their hands and flags and the street is decorated with the black-white and red flags of the German Empire. The uniforms and helmets of the soldiers are also decorated; the soldiers seem to march out enthusiastically, voluntarily and with a sense of self-sacrifice.

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Technische Leistungen öffnen die Tore zur Welt New York, 1972 - The picture shows a cruiser (named Bremen) of the German shipping company Lloyd. The four-funnel express steamer wins the race for the fastest Atlantic crossing; in terms of technical progress the so called “decade of the Germans” (1898-1908) began. Furthermore a Zeppelin is depicted. This rigid airship was constructed by Graf von Zeppelin, who was supported by the German shipping company Hapag. On the picture you can see the cruiser and the airship arriving in the harbor of New York. They both are flagged with the black-white and red flags of the German Empire (1971-1918). American sailors are welcoming them enthusiastically. The picture intends to express the high level of German technical achievements, with which the German Empire aimed at prevailing over the rest of the world.

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Die Eröffnung des Suezkanals 1869 , 1963 - The picture shows the inauguration ceremony of the Suez Canal. After having obtained a concession from the Egypt viceroy, Vicomte de Lesseps created the Suez Canal Company and in the years 1859-1869 constructed the Suez Canal, according to the plans of Alois Negrellis and financed by French capital. The inauguration took place on 17th of November 1869. The new direct connection between Europe and the countries situated along the coast of the Indian Ocean strengthened the world trade and the coastal shipping of Egypt. In the picture you can see the crowds at the banks of the canal, watching the huge steamships. Everywhere you can see the flags of France and the Ottoman Empire. You can further distinguish people from different cultures, European officers in uniforms, women in dresses and with umbrellas as well as Central Asian men with caftans, turbans and camels.

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In der Paulskirche 1848 , 1948 - The picture shows the delegates of the Frankfurt Parliament in St. Paul’s Church (1848). The deputies had been elected during the German-Austrian March Revolution in order to achieve the demanded changes. In front of the speaker’s desk the first president of the Parliament is depicted: Heinrich von Gagern (1799-1880). He’s in deep conversation with a further delegate. Among the visitors in the loge on the right side of the dais you can also see women. The 812 delegates of the Frankfurt Parliament created a new German government, developed and passed a catalogue of fundamental rights. With this first democratic all-German Parliament also the first parliamentary groups were established.

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Deutsches Volkstum in aller Welt. Übersee ruft! Deutsche Auswanderer vor der Abfahrt am Hafen (etwa 1840) , 1939 - The picture shows German expatriates leaving to America at the pier. Caused by a long lasting economic crisis it came to mass emigration from Germany. People with their families and their few belongings which they had wrapped in cloth are waiting to enter the boat which is going to take them to the big flagship you can see in the background. Emigration reached its peak in the 19th century. The wide unsettled land of the United States and news of gold finds in California attracted the immigrants.

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Die Jungfernfahrt der ersten dampfbetriebenen Eisenbahn in Paris-saint-germain , - On 26th of August, 1837 the first exclusively steam-powered railway line of France (Paris to Saint-Germain-en-Laye, 21 km) was inaugurated.

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Die erste deutsche Eisenbahn 1835 , 1975 - Bewlow the picture you can find a time-line.

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Die Völkerschlacht bei Leipzig. Erstürmung des Grimmaischen Tores am Abend des 19. Oktober 1813 Leipzig, 1938 - The picture shows the decisive battle against Napoleon’s troops on October 16th to 19th 1813, the battle of the nations near Leipzig. You can see the storming of Leipzig right after the retreat of the French troops. Depicted are invading soldiers in street fights with French troops. The Prussian General Friedrich Wilhelm von Bülow was the first who arrived in Leipzig and seized the suburb of Grimma. The Prussian allies were Austria, Russia and Sweden.

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Schiller und Goethe in Jena , 1948 - The picture shows the writers Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832) and Friedrich Schiller (1759-1805), who were friends since the year 1794. You can see them walking over the market-place of Jena, deep in conversation. They both are wearing double-breasted coats and have walking canes and hats in their hands. Duchess Anna Amalia and her son Duke Karl August granted a high level of artistic freedom during their reign. Thanks to the influence of Goethe the University of Jena experienced new prosperity. The friendship of Schiller and Goethe began here. The period of the Weimar classicism refers to the four artists Wieland, Goethe, Herder und Schiller in Weimar from 1786 to 1805 (after Goethe's first Italian Journey until the death of Schiller).

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Französische Revolution. Ludwig XVI. wird zur Hinrichtung geführt Paris, 1955 - The picture shows the Place de la Révolution, today known as Place de la Concorde. On this chart King Louis XVI’s way to his execution by guillotine is depicted. In the center of the picture you can see Louis XVI in a modest linen garment, with bound hands on a carriage. On 11th of December 1792 he was put on the trial before the National Convention. He was sentenced to death because of high treason and crime against the state (la conspiration contre la liberté publique et la sûreté générale de l'État). On the morning of the 21st January 1793 he was guillotined as citizen Louis Capet (referring to Hugo Capet, first ancient of the French ruling dynasty) by hangman Charles-Henri Sanson. Surrounded by the soldiers of the Revolution the depiction of the guillotine in the vanishing point of Louis is oversized. In the foreground of the picture you can only see few citizens, watching the execution. On the left side on of them is waving the tricolor, which first came up during the Revolution and later should become the national flag of France.

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Die Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika erklären sich von England unabhängig (1776) Philadelphia, - On 4th of July 1776 the Continental Congress of the 13 American colonies declared their independence from the British Empire and thus declared the United States of America as a sovereign state. On the picture you can see Thomas Jefferson the main author of the formal declaration, probably holding this document in his hands. The scene took place in the Pennsylvania State House (today Independence Hall) of Philadelphia where the declaration was adapted. You can see further representatives of the 13 States and on the left side of the picture is depicted the American star spangled banner, although the first version of the “Stars and Stripes” is dated to the year 1777. The 13 red and white stripes of the flag symbolize these 13 founding States of the US.

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Jan van Galen voor Livorno gewond (1653) Middellandse zee, Livorno, 1856 - In 1651 aanvaardde het Engelse parlement de Navigation Act, waardoor het vervoeren van goederen uit de Engelse koloniën en het vervoer van alle goederen naar Engeland uitsluitend aan de Engelse handelsvloot werd toegestaan. De relatie tussen de Republiek en Engeland kwam daardoor onder druk te staan. Het Engelse Parlement verklaarde op 10 juli 1652 de oorlog. Over het hele Kanaal en de zuidelijke Noordzee werd gevochten. De Engelse admiraal Blake stuurde na een aantal zeeslagen het grootste deel van de Engelse vloot naar de Middellandse Zee, omdat hij meende dat de strijd was gestreden. Bij het uitbreken van de Engelse oorlog was Jan van Galen benoemd als bevelhebber over de Nederlandse schepen in de Middellandse Zee. Bij Livorno kwam het tot een zeeslag met de Engelsen. In de Slag bij Livorno op 14 maart 1653 werd hij zwaar gewond: zijn rechterbeen moest onder de knie worden afgezet. Hij overleed 9 dagen later aan zijn verwonding. Zijn lijk werd gebalsemd en naar het vaderland overgebracht, waar hij in de Nieuwe Kerk te Amsterdam werd begraven.

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Ritterspiele , 1965 - The picture shows a knights festival arranged by patrician youths in February 1531. In the so called “Tjost” two by tow knights run against each other. They are fully armored but only use blunt lances. In the background you can see spectators on the market-place, buildings, the city wall with colonnades and the environs of the city. The golden age of the knights was during the 12th and 13th century, but the knights festivals as sports events continued to the first third of the 16th century.

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Kappeler Milchsuppe Kappel am Albis, 1961 - The picture shows the so called „milk-soup of Kappel“, the meal that took place in celebration of the First Peace of Kappel (1529), near Kappel am Albis. Setting up a huge wooden tub with milk-soup the infantry of both armies fraternized with each other, just on the borderline between the two cantons. The negotiations between the warring reformed and catholic villages are still going on in the background. But in the foreground the dispute is already settled by sharing the milk soup.

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Belagerung Jerusalems durch Kreuzfahrer. , 1933 - The picture shows the siege of Jerusalem (7th to 15th July 1099) during the first crusade. After the destruction of the Church of the Resurrection (1095 A.C.), Byzantines Emperor Alexios I Komnenos was seeking for western support. In response to that, Urban II proclaimed the First crusade to Jerusalem. On the picture you can see a martial depiction of the assault on the city of Jerusalem with siege engines, catapults, siege towers and mobile wooden walls. The troops of the Fatimid governors defend the city.

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Der Wikinger Leif entdeckt Amerika (etwa im Jahre 1000 n. Chr.) , 1935 - The picture shows Leif Ericson´s Viking boat on the high seas. Leif was born in 975 A.C. on Iceland and already at the age of ten he sailed to Greenland with his father. You can see the Viking boat with red-and white striped sails and the rowing crew off the North coast of America. Their leader is standing at the head of the boat pointing to the coast. Seagulls are surrounding the boat. The Vikings were probably the first Europeans who reached the American continent. Around the year 1000 the Viking Leif sailed to America on a longship with 35 men.

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Willebrord predikt het Christendom (690) Westkapelle, 1856 - Uit de handleiding uit 1857: Willebrord, een man die een aangenaam voorkomen, een opgeruimd gemoed en veel geduld bezat en zich door niets liet afschrikken, predikte eerst in Friesland. Daarna landt hij op Walcheren. Te Westkapelle treft hij een Wodans- of Mercuriusbeeld aan, dat men Goddelijke eer bewijst. In heiligen ijver ontstoken, doet hij het omhouwen, terwijl hij de afgodendienaars bestraft. Ziet hem staan en wijzen naar de woning des eenigen waren Gods.

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Die fünf Menschenrassen , 1911 - The picture shows five men representing five different cultural spheres: an American Indian, an Australian Aborigine, an African, an Asian and a Western European. The European, standing in the centre, dominates the scene and thus shows the Eurocentric world view of the time (early 20th century). Today the theory of races is superseded.

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Im Priesterhofe des Tempels zu Jerusalem (Opferscene) Jerusalem, 1911 - The picture shows the Jewish temple in Jerusalem. Jerusalem was conquered by David around 1000 BC, who planned the first temple. On the picture you can see 1) the Sea of cast metal (according to the Old Testament a large circular metal basin which stood on twelve oxen), 2) the entrance to the temple, 3) the altar of burnt offerings, 4) the sacrificing priests. People are bringing their offerings to the priests, who are burning those offerings on the altar. Some spectators in the foreground are watching the ritual.

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Tafel der ur-und vorgeschichtlichen Entwicklungsstufen - von der Urwelt zur Gegenwart , 1920 - The chart shows periods of human mankind from the Eolitihic Age, to the Ice Age to the interglacial periods and from the New Stone Age to the Metal Ages to the historical times through to the present. Depicted are animals and humans, found pieces, cranial bones and tools, articles of daily use as well as technical achievements.

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Landsknechte , 1963 - The picture shows five woodcarvings, which are known to be used since the 1400th century. After 1450 A.C., with the development of movable printing these woodcarvings were frequently used as book illustrations. The first colour woodcuts, after Durer’s monochrome graphics were created in the year 1486. In the year 1520 Albrecht Altdorfer executed a multicolour printing with six printing blocks. You can see depictions of 5 landsknechts wearing typical clothes (coloured shirts and trousers with slit puffy sleeves, wide brimmed berets with feathers, cow-mouth shoes, coloured socks, and some of them wearing chest protection or chain mails) and carrying typical weapons (Katzbalger, pike, halberds). These five landsknetchs stand for different posts and duties of the time: 1. „Drumelschlager“ (of Hans Guldenmundt); 2. „Schramhanns“ (H. Guldenmundt); 3. „Der mit dem handt Roer“; 4. „Branntmayster (fire chief) (Niclas Melzeman letter painter in Nurnberg near the Lange Brücken)“; 5. „Feldtschreiber“.

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Die Teilungen des Karolingerreiches , 1957 - The picture shows a map of the Carolingian Empire with its borders: 1st after the treaty of Verdun (843 A.C.) and 2nd after the treaty of Meersen (879 A.C.) In the Treaty of Verdun the sons of Louis II and the grandsons of Charlemagne agreed on the division of the territoriy of Francia into three parts: 1. The Western Frankish Realm of Charles the Bald (Neustria, Aquitaine), 2. the Central Frankish Realm of Lothar I (Burgundy, Provence, Austrasia), and 3. the Eastern Frankish Realm of Louis the German (Frisia, Saxony, Alemannia, Bavaria). With the Treaty of Meersen the territory of Lotharingia was divided between Charles the Bald and Louis the German. Until World War II this treaty remained a matter of conflict between Germany and France.

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Bismarck spricht vor dem Reichstag , 1962 - The picture shows Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898) delivering a speech to the Reichstag in his function as first Reich Chancellor of the German Empire (1871-1890). You can see Bismarck in the uniform of a Cuirassier. Bismarck who played a dominant role in the formation of the German Empire was at the same time chairman of the Federal Assembly, Prime Minister of Prussia and minister for foreign affairs.

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Deutsche Pflanzungen am Kamerunberg , 1941 - The picture shows an oil palm plantation, a banana cultivation and rubber collection near Mount Cameroon. Native people pick the bananas when they’re still green put them in a small wagon and push their harvest to the steamer, called “Palime”. Behind the plantation a European stone house with arcades is depicted and in the background you can see the highest mountain of Western Africa, Mount Cameroon. In the year 1868 the Hamburg trading company Woermann opened its first commercial settlements at the Wouri-mouth in Cameroon. Since 1884 after the protection contracts with the kings of the Duala the land had been a German colony – until the year 1919 and the treaty of Versailles.

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Altnordische und Germanische Grabstätten , 1936 - This big chart shows seven different types of graves from different historical periods in seven times three columns. (On the left and on the right: tools, pottery and jewelry; in the centre: depictions of graves). 1. “Old Nordic megalithic tomb of the Young Stone Age (3000 B.C.)” You can see megalithic tombs made of huge blocks of stone, a passage tomb in the foreground and a smaller dolmen in the background. 2. “Barrow of Leuningen”. Early Bronze Age. First half of 2nd Millennium B.C.” Prehistoric graves were constructed by heaping up stones or earth. You can see an artificially decorated roof heaped up with lots of stones and earth. 3. “Tree Trunk Coffin from Jutland. Middle Bronze Age. Midst of 2nd Millennium B.C.” The tree trunk coffin a lengthwise split and caved tree trunk can already be found in the early Stone Age but mainly appears in the Early European Bronze Age. 4. “The royal tom of Seddin. Late Bronze Age around 800 B.C.” This barrow has a diameter of 85m and his 10 meters high. 5. “Ashes graves of the Iron Age. 800-500 A.C.” 6. “Tomb of Leuna. Early Iron Age around 300. A.C.” In this field of inhumations graves you can see skeletons and jars of silver, bronze and glass. 7. “Oseberg-grave. Finland. Viking-Age. Around 900 A.C.“ The Oseberg-ship, the grave of a Norwegian princess was discovered in 1903. You can see grave goods as tools, artificially carved carriages and slides in the right column of the picture.

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Der Herrscher im frühen Mittelalter , 1976 - This wall chart is based on a miniature (illuminated manuscript) from the Liuthar-Evangeliar, an important Ottonian illuminated manuscript which was produced on behalf of Otto III (10th/11th century). The depiction of the Emperor (Otto II himself) is assimilated to depictions of Christ and is an example of the sacralization of the Emperor. You can see the sovereign and his clerical and worldly subordinates (soldiers). The Evangelists’ symbols (Lion of Mark, the Eagle of John, the Ox of Luke and the Angel of Matthew) are holding the white ribbon. Above the sovereign’s head you can see the blessing hand of Christ.

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9. Jahrh. Züge der Wikinger. Das erste Deutsche Reich entsteht. , 1937 - This frieze shows a timeline of the 9th Century (800-900 A.C.) with the following dates, which are tagged by red or black arrows: 800-804 A.C. Charlemange emperor of Rome, 843 A.C. Treaty of Verdun, 879 A.C. Treaty of Mersen, 843-876 A.C. Louis the German.

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Eisenzeit-Völkerwanderungszeit , 1938 - The wall chart consists of two big pictures in the centre showing typical scenes of the every-day life during the Iron Age. On both sides these sceneries are framed by smaller depictions of weapons, jewelry and tools. The first picture shows a blacksmith`s workshop from the pre-Roman Iron Age (800 BC). In front of the roofed workshop you can see the forge, in which the smith heats the iron. The second picture shows the interior of a smithery from the Migration Period (375/376-568 AC). The smith is sitting at the table of a log cabin, which is lined with clay, and is refining the metal with gold. You can further see casting moulds for knives.

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Am Römerwall , 1933 - The picture shows the limes, the boundary wall which marked the frontiers of the Roman Empire. Behind the stone watch tower you can see the palisade wall. Within sight you can see a second watch tower in the background. With help of light and horn signals sentries communicated between the towers. In front of the earth walls on both sides of the guarded tower merchants with loaded wagons are waiting for the permission to pass the border. This refers to the significance the limes had for the control of economic traffic and trade. On 15th of July 2005 the Limes Germanicus was added to the UNESCO world heritage list. The boundary wall served as military early-warning system, customs control and was used for communication purposes.

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Ciceros Rede im Senat gegen Catilina , 1920 - The picture shows the politician and most famous orator of Rome, Cicero (106-43 BC).In the year 63 BC, the senator Lucius Sergius Catilina (aprox. 108-62 BC) tried to seize power. You can see Cicero in the temple of Jupiter delivering his first of four orations against Catiline. Cicero thwarted Catiline's conspiracy and, for the moment, saved the Republic.

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