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Technical achievements are opening the gateway to the world New York, 1972 - The picture shows a cruiser (named Bremen) of the German shipping company Lloyd. The four-funnel express steamer wins the race for the fastest Atlantic crossing; in terms of technical progress the so called “decade of the Germans” (1898-1908) began. Furthermore a Zeppelin is depicted. This rigid airship was constructed by Graf von Zeppelin, who was supported by the German shipping company Hapag. On the picture you can see the cruiser and the airship arriving in the harbor of New York. They both are flagged with the black-white and red flags of the German Empire (1971-1918). American sailors are welcoming them enthusiastically. The picture intends to express the high level of German technical achievements, with which the German Empire aimed at prevailing over the rest of the world.

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Inauguration of the Suez Canal 1869 , 1963 - The picture shows the inauguration ceremony of the Suez Canal. After having obtained a concession from the Egypt viceroy, Vicomte de Lesseps created the Suez Canal Company and in the years 1859-1869 constructed the Suez Canal, according to the plans of Alois Negrellis and financed by French capital. The inauguration took place on 17th of November 1869. The new direct connection between Europe and the countries situated along the coast of the Indian Ocean strengthened the world trade and the coastal shipping of Egypt. In the picture you can see the crowds at the banks of the canal, watching the huge steamships. Everywhere you can see the flags of France and the Ottoman Empire. You can further distinguish people from different cultures, European officers in uniforms, women in dresses and with umbrellas as well as Central Asian men with caftans, turbans and camels.

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German folklore (Volkstum) all over the world. The overseas are calling! German expatriates before leaving the harbour. , 1939 - The picture shows German expatriates leaving to America at the pier. Caused by a long lasting economic crisis it came to mass emigration from Germany. People with their families and their few belongings which they had wrapped in cloth are waiting to enter the boat which is going to take them to the big flagship you can see in the background. Emigration reached its peak in the 19th century. The wide unsettled land of the United States and news of gold finds in California attracted the immigrants.

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Departure of William V (1795) Scheveningen, 1856 - The French troops crossed the frozen rivers into the Republic in the winter of 1794-1795. On January 18th 1795 stadtholder William V fled from Scheveningen to England. His flight marked the end of the reign of stadtholders from the line of Orange, as well as the end of the Republic of the United Seven Netherlands and its army. A political turnover began: the Batavian Republic (1795-1806) was proclaimed.

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Goethe and Schiller in Jena , 1948 - The picture shows the writers Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832) and Friedrich Schiller (1759-1805), who were friends since the year 1794. You can see them walking over the market-place of Jena, deep in conversation. They both are wearing double-breasted coats and have walking canes and hats in their hands. Duchess Anna Amalia and her son Duke Karl August granted a high level of artistic freedom during their reign. Thanks to the influence of Goethe the University of Jena experienced new prosperity. The friendship of Schiller and Goethe began here. The period of the Weimar classicism refers to the four artists Wieland, Goethe, Herder und Schiller in Weimar from 1786 to 1805 (after Goethe's first Italian Journey until the death of Schiller).

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Meeting of princes Wilhelmina at the Goejanverwellensluis (1787) Goejanverwellesluis at Hekendorp (between Haastrecht and Oudewater), 1856 - In 1787 tensions between patriots and Orangists were so high that the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands was at the verge of a civil war. Stadtholder William V remained in Nijmegen and undertook no actions. His decisive wife, Wilhelmina of Prussia took control of the situation and secretly travelled to The Hague to restore order. When the patriots discovered this they stopped her at Goejanverwellesluis near Gouda. This incident however, was the direct cause for the Prussian invasion of the Republic.

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William V and the heroes of Doggersbank (1781) Doggersbank , 1856 - On August 5th 1781 the Dutch encountered the British fleet. The battle remained undecided and both parties were forced to retreat. In the Republic this was celebrated like a victory. This would be the last sea-battle of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands.

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The United States of America declare their independence from the British Empire (1776) Philadelphia, - On 4th of July 1776 the Continental Congress of the 13 American colonies declared their independence from the British Empire and thus declared the United States of America as a sovereign state. On the picture you can see Thomas Jefferson the main author of the formal declaration, probably holding this document in his hands. The scene took place in the Pennsylvania State House (today Independence Hall) of Philadelphia where the declaration was adapted. You can see further representatives of the 13 States and on the left side of the picture is depicted the American star spangled banner, although the first version of the “Stars and Stripes” is dated to the year 1777. The 13 red and white stripes of the flag symbolize these 13 founding States of the US.

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Binnenkomende vloot vóór Amsterdam omstreeks 1665. Amsterdam, 1960 circa - Uit de handleiding 1961: Een zomermorgen op het IJ. Het grote schip, dat ten anker ging en de pinas, die met volle zeilen naar zijn ligplaats koerst, liggen in het licht uit het noordoosten, zodat het bij het eerste schip langs het bakboord en bij het tweede langs het stuurboord strijkt. Tussen deze schepen in en langs de achtersteven van een fluitschip komt de achtergevel van ’s Lands Magazijn’ te zien. Een statenjacht, dat achter het grote schip om naar het meest rechtse schip stevent, toont in zijn spiegel en in de vlaggen, dat het de hoge heren van de Amsterdamse kamer der Oost-Indische Compagnie naar een van hare schepen brengt. Onder de boegspriet van dit jacht door en langs de grote houten kraan, komt een blik op de stad. De Schreierstoren en daarachter de Oude Kerkstoren zijn twee belangrijke gebouwen der ‘Oude Zijde’ waar de oorsprongen der stad liggen. De rechtervoorgrond van het tafereel laat de noordelijke oever van het IJ zien, met palen geschoeid. Ter linkerzijde is een Durgerdammer bezig zijn netten binnen te halen. Het grote schip, dat, na het uitbrengen van het anker, door de wind is omgezwaaid, droogt de zeilen, die door de oostenwind tegen de masten en stengen worden gedrukt.

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Self-sacrifice of Hambroek (1662) Formosa, 1856 - Since 1624 the East India Company had established control on Formosa. Under its charge missionaries worked on the Christianization of the indigenous people: amongst them was doctor Antonius Hambroek. On April 30th 1661 Chinese-Japanse warlord Koxinga (Kok seng yâ) invaded the island, whereby Hambroek fell to Chinese hands. Fort Zeelandia remained under Dutch control. Koxinga decided to send Hambroek as a representative to meet with Coyett, commander of the fort, to convince him to surrender. In stead of demanding surrender, Hambroek urged Coyett to persist in battle. Hambroek decided to return to Koxinga, who beheaded him.

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Peace of Münster (1648) Munster, 1856 - The Peace of Münster marked the end of the Eighty Year’s War between the Netherlands and Spain. The king of Spain acknowledged the United Netherlands as free and sovereign countries.

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The Dutch in front of Jacatra (1618) Java, 1856 - Governor-general Pieter Both settled in Bantam in 1610 and established a merchant settlement. The English resided in the Indies as well, which led to a battle. Dutchman Jan Pieterzoon Coen secured the Dutch victory over the area.

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Op de reede van Bantam 1598. Bantam, 1913 - Handleiding 1917: Jacob van Neck (leider van de tweede Nederlandse expeditie naar Oost-Indië (1598-1600)): ’s Morgens bij zonsopkomst, terwijl ik bezig was mijn fraaiste kleren aan te trekken, kwam Ab-dul in mijn hut zeggen, dat er een prauwtje langs ons schip lag met een Chinees, die mij namens den Gouverneur van het land kwam vragen, wat het doel van onze komst was. Ik liet de Chinees weten dat we gekomen waren om de Gouverneur om vriendschap te verzoeken om vredig en beleefd met de inwoners van Bantam te mogen handelen. Mijn secretaris Cornelis Heemskerck, ging aan land om de gouverneur te spreken. Op de afbeelding ligt het admiraalsschip van Jacob van Neck, Mauritius genaamd, het meest vooraan. Op het hek waait de rood-wit-zwarte vlag van Amsterdam, met het stedelijk wapen in de witte baan. De vlag aan de grote top is de Statenvlag. Op de andere mast waait de vlag van de Prins, met zijn wapen in de witte baan. Naar links ligt de Utrecht en meer nabij de kust het kleine jacht Overijssel. Het grote jacht Friesland vaart voor de zeilende vloot uit. Achteraan zeilt het schip de Hollandia, waarop Jacob van Neck zich bevindt. Op de achtergrond ligt de stad Bantam. Hoog boven de ommuring verrijst het dak van een moskee. Het is december, daarom laat de tekenaar een Westmoesson waaien. De lucht is dan minder strak. Het blauw waait soms vol nevelachtige wolken, die, zwaarder samengepakt, de plasregens geven.

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The Union of Utrecht (1579) Utrecht, 1856 - A treaty was signed in Utrecht on January 23rd 1579: The Union of Utrecht. In the treaty united action was agreed to in order to drive off the Spanish as well as several political issues. This Union became greatly important, for it served as constitution for the commonwealth of the United Netherlands for two centuries.

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Kenau Simons Hasselaar in Haarlem (1573) Haarlem, 1856 - Haarlem had to endure a long and severe siege, from December 8th 1572 until July 12th 1573. When the situation was at its worst, she led a company of 300 women in defence of the town.

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Henry the Fowler , 1936 - The picture shows Henry the Fowler (876-936), King of East Francia and Duke of Saxony. In the centre of the picture you can see Henry riding his horse. He is not wearing helmet or crown, but only simple clothes and carrying a sword. You can see him in negotiations with Hungarians in front of him, which are distinguished by their helmets and clothes as well as by their dark hair and mustachios. In the background you can see a castle which probably refers to the castles Henry built after the ceasefire with Hungary, in the year 926.

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From German East Africa. Landscape around the Kilimanjaro Moschi at the Kilimanjaro, 1911 - The picture shows a village in the former German colony respectively the German protectorate German East Africa (1885-1918). At the foot of Mount Kilimanjaro you can see fertile forests and a village. The German military station “Moschi” is depicted behind the village with its thatched huts.

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The Bronze Age 2000-800 B.C. , 1963 - The subtitle on the chart is: „4000 years ago humans learned to produce metal from ore. With copper and tin they obtained hard materials that could be cast in moulds: Bronze. This was the beginning of a new era of mankind, the beginning of the Metal Ages.” A map on the wall charts shows the spread of Indo-Germanic settlements. Ten images show a Germanic man of the Bronze Age; a Germanic woman; a belt buckle and an armlet; jewelry for female garments, an East-Germanic face urn; the Trundholm sun chariot, a wind instrument called lur, some kinds of weapons: sword, dagger, axe and lance as well as a lake-dwelling settlement and petroglyphs of the Northern tribes as a symbol of cultic feasts.

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The five races of mankind , 1911 - The picture shows five men representing five different cultural spheres: an American Indian, an Australian Aborigine, an African, an Asian and a Western European. The European, standing in the centre, dominates the scene and thus shows the Eurocentric world view of the time (early 20th century). Today the theory of races is superseded.

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Crusades , 1974 - The picture shows crusaders in the Middle East (1. crusade 1099 AD - 7. crusade 1396 AD). The Christian army consists of knights on horses, with shield and lance, hauberk and helmet. The helmets have different colours, according to the knight`s land of origin. Infantrymen, armed with bow and arrow, support the knights (People's crusade). At the horizon are Muslim troopers, wearing white clothes. They are also armed with bow and arrow.

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German East-Africa: Native village in the coastal area , 1939 - The picture shows a small fruit and vegetable market in the former colonial territory German East Africa (Tanzania, Burundi, Rwanda). From 1885 to 1918 German East Africa was the largest colony of the German Empire (1971-1918). Some natives are sitting under a coconut-tree, a white man who is clearly distinguished by his white clothes and hat is passing by. The men’s’ white and red hats (Fes) refer to the Arabic influence in the coastal regions. The group of women sitting on the ground with baskets full of fruits and earthenware jugs produces a peaceful impression. Concerning the Arabic insurrection against the German East Africa Company, cruelly defeated by the German Marine and a mercenary force, the serenity of the scene is excessively optimistic and serene.

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Knights and peasants in the German East (13th century) , - The picture shows a scene from the High Middle Ages (12th/ 13th century), when German rulers, knights, monks, peasants, citizens advanced into the East – some of them violently others called by christianized Slavic rulers. You can see people, most of them peasants, arriving at their new homelands and asking the Teutonic Knights for their settlement sites. The knights are wearing white cloaks with a black cross. The peasants who have all their belongings on a covered wagon are standing in front of them. Many of the settlers were attracted by low taxes, hereditary rights to the land and further liberties. After Konrad I of Masowia had called the Teutonic Knights and their Grand Master Hermann of Salza against the heathen Old Prussians, a settlement movement - the so called medieval German settlement into the East (German Ostsiedlung)- began.

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Squatters and Indians in the West of the USA , 1977 - Archive for Art and History, Berlin. The picture shows a settlement of immigrants from the 19th century pioneer days of America. In the settlement you can see block hats – one of them with the sign public school -, lumberjacks and their covered wagons. Straight through the picture are depicted the tracks of the transcontinental railroad. The steam-train “Through line, New York – San Fransisco” arrives the settlement, welcomed by settlers and travelers. On the other side armed Indians on their horses are depicted.

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German plantations at Mount Cameroon , 1941 - The picture shows an oil palm plantation, a banana cultivation and rubber collection near Mount Cameroon. Native people pick the bananas when they’re still green put them in a small wagon and push their harvest to the steamer, called “Palime”. Behind the plantation a European stone house with arcades is depicted and in the background you can see the highest mountain of Western Africa, Mount Cameroon. In the year 1868 the Hamburg trading company Woermann opened its first commercial settlements at the Wouri-mouth in Cameroon. Since 1884 after the protection contracts with the kings of the Duala the land had been a German colony – until the year 1919 and the treaty of Versailles.

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The Welser are moving to Venezuela , 1942 - The picture shows members of the Welser, a patrician banker and merchant family from Augsburg and Nurnberg. Since 1420 the family had a trading company and possessed foreign trading posts all over Europe (Spain, Portugal, Belgium, France, Italy, Dominican Republic). That way they accumulated enormous wealth and power. On the wall cahrt you can see a fleet, its crew and equipment financed by the Welser. Depicted are three-masted merchant vessels, anchoring off the coast of Venezuela; two rowboats are starting for the beach. In the year 1528 Charles V ceded the governorship of the Spanish overseas province Venezuela to the Augsburgian Welser Bartholomäus V. The German Welser explored and exploited America until they lost their mercantile rights when Charles V resigned in the year 1556.

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Divisions of the Carolingian Empire , 1957 - The picture shows a map of the Carolingian Empire with its borders: 1st after the treaty of Verdun (843 A.C.) and 2nd after the treaty of Meersen (879 A.C.) In the Treaty of Verdun the sons of Louis II and the grandsons of Charlemagne agreed on the division of the territoriy of Francia into three parts: 1. The Western Frankish Realm of Charles the Bald (Neustria, Aquitaine), 2. the Central Frankish Realm of Lothar I (Burgundy, Provence, Austrasia), and 3. the Eastern Frankish Realm of Louis the German (Frisia, Saxony, Alemannia, Bavaria). With the Treaty of Meersen the territory of Lotharingia was divided between Charles the Bald and Louis the German. Until World War II this treaty remained a matter of conflict between Germany and France.

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Germanic Solstice Celebration (Proto-Germanic period) , 1935 - The picture shows a midsummer night celebration, which was an important feast in many ancient and medieval cultures. You can see a tribe gathering on a hill at the time of sunset. All people have blond hair which is as unlikely as their short haircut. During the Northern Bronze Age there were many different and culturally independent peoples and tribes. Thus, the existence of the depicted Proto-Germanic ethnic identity is questionable.

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