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In St. Paul's Church 1848 , 1948 - The picture shows the delegates of the Frankfurt Parliament in St. Paul’s Church (1848). The deputies had been elected during the German-Austrian March Revolution in order to achieve the demanded changes. In front of the speaker’s desk the first president of the Parliament is depicted: Heinrich von Gagern (1799-1880). He’s in deep conversation with a further delegate. Among the visitors in the loge on the right side of the dais you can also see women. The 812 delegates of the Frankfurt Parliament created a new German government, developed and passed a catalogue of fundamental rights. With this first democratic all-German Parliament also the first parliamentary groups were established.

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The French Revolution of 1830: a barrcade Paris, - The picture shows the July Revolution of 1830 in Paris. Craftsmen, workers and students are revolting against Charles X who dissolved the parliament. They built barricades, are throwing chairs and kettles from their windows and are firing at the royalist army.

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English and Russian invasion of Noord-Holland (Russian general Herman captured) (1799) Callantsoog, 1856 - A British fleet of over 10.000 men invaded the Netherlands at the beach of Callantsoog on August 27th 1799. In the following weeks the British received reinforcements from mostly Russian troops. Initially the invasion seemed successful: the Batavian fleet surrendered to the English. However, subsequently the English-Russian army was defeated by the French-Batavian troops.

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Franse troepen trekken over de Lek, 15 januari 1795. Aan de lek in de buurt van Utrecht, 1945-1950 - Uit de handleiding uit 1962: ‘De afbeelding laat de Franse troepen zien die over de met een dikke ijskorst bedekte rivier de Lek trekken in januari 1795. Dit is één van de gebeurtenissen die ertoe leidde dat de Republiek der Verenigde Nederlanden ten val werd gebracht. Op de plaat vindt men generaals, parlementsleden en soldaten. De hoofdgroep op de plaat wordt gevormd door de generaals Pichegru en Salme. Pichegru is de figuur in de grijze overjas en met een kaart in de hand. Achter dit tweetal en aan de rechterzijde van hen staan de Franse volksvertegenwoordigers ook wel “Représentant du peuple en mission aux armées”en “commissaire de la convention aux armées” genoemd. Achter de twee laatsten is een aide-de-camp van generaal Salme zichtbaar. Daar werden de zieken en gewonden geholpen. Het huis op de achtergrond is het Veerhuis van Culemborg waar het tafereel zich afspeelt. Aan de rechterkant van de afbeelding ziet u het leger samen met boeren en landlieden, zij moesten het ijs met stro bedekken zodat het makkelijker te passeren zou zijn.’ Opmerking: De schoolplaat is eerst uitgegeven onder de titel: De Fransen onder Pichegru trekken de bevroren rivier over, 1795. In 1950 is de titel aangepast.

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Departure of William V (1795) Scheveningen, 1856 - The French troops crossed the frozen rivers into the Republic in the winter of 1794-1795. On January 18th 1795 stadtholder William V fled from Scheveningen to England. His flight marked the end of the reign of stadtholders from the line of Orange, as well as the end of the Republic of the United Seven Netherlands and its army. A political turnover began: the Batavian Republic (1795-1806) was proclaimed.

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French Revolution: Louis XVI on the way to his execution Paris, 1955 - The picture shows the Place de la Révolution, today known as Place de la Concorde. On this chart King Louis XVI’s way to his execution by guillotine is depicted. In the center of the picture you can see Louis XVI in a modest linen garment, with bound hands on a carriage. On 11th of December 1792 he was put on the trial before the National Convention. He was sentenced to death because of high treason and crime against the state (la conspiration contre la liberté publique et la sûreté générale de l'État). On the morning of the 21st January 1793 he was guillotined as citizen Louis Capet (referring to Hugo Capet, first ancient of the French ruling dynasty) by hangman Charles-Henri Sanson. Surrounded by the soldiers of the Revolution the depiction of the guillotine in the vanishing point of Louis is oversized. In the foreground of the picture you can only see few citizens, watching the execution. On the left side on of them is waving the tricolor, which first came up during the Revolution and later should become the national flag of France.

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De aanhouding van Prinses Wilhelmina aan de Goejanverwellesluis, 1787. Oudewater, 1911 - Uit Nederlandsche schoolplaten van J.B. Wolters’uitgevers-maatschappij uit 1927: ‘In den vroege morgen van den 28en juni 1787 vertrok Prinses Wilhelmina met een klein gevolg uit Nijmegen naar Den Haag met het doel daar een tegenomwenteling te bewerken ten gunste van haar gemaal Prins Willem V. Door alle gemis aan voorzorgen om haar incognito te bewaren was de Commissie van Defensie te Woerden reeds vóór het vertrek van de Prinses verwittigd van haar komst. Een uur voorbij Schoonhoven werd de Prinses aangehouden en in afwachting van de beslissing der Defensie-Commissie werd H.K.H. met haar gevolg gevoerd naar de Goejanverwellesluis, waar de Prinses met haar gevolg genoodzaakt werd uit te stappen en in een boerenhofstede onder bewaking werd gesteld. De Goudsche vrijkorporisten en eenige ruiters van Hessen Philipthal houden dreigend de wacht.’ In 1787 waren de spanningen tussen patriotten en prinsgezinden zo hoog opgelopen dat de Republiek der Verenigde Nederlanden op de rand van een burgeroorlog stond. Stadhouder Willem V was in Nijmegen maar ondernam niets. Zijn daadkrachtige vrouw Wilhelmina van Pruisen nam echter het heft in handen en vertrok in het geheim naar Den Haag om orde op zaken te stellen. De patriotten ontdekten dit en hielden de prinses aan in de buurt van Goejanverwellesluis, nabij Gouda. Dit incident vormde de directe aanleiding voor de inval van de Pruisen in de Republiek. Frederik Willem II van Pruisen schoot zijn zuster Wilhelmina te hulp en eiste genoegdoening (satisfactie) van het gewest Holland. Nadat een groot leger van 20.000, of 26.000, een enkele auteur beweert zelfs 30.000 goedgetrainde Pruisische soldaten onder leiding van de hertog van Brunswijk de rust herstelde in de rebellerende steden, keerde het stadhouderlijk paar naar 's-Gravenhage terug. (bron:Wikipedia en Nationaal Archief/internet)

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Meeting of princes Wilhelmina at the Goejanverwellensluis (1787) Goejanverwellesluis at Hekendorp (between Haastrecht and Oudewater), 1856 - In 1787 tensions between patriots and Orangists were so high that the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands was at the verge of a civil war. Stadtholder William V remained in Nijmegen and undertook no actions. His decisive wife, Wilhelmina of Prussia took control of the situation and secretly travelled to The Hague to restore order. When the patriots discovered this they stopped her at Goejanverwellesluis near Gouda. This incident however, was the direct cause for the Prussian invasion of the Republic.

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William V and the heroes of Doggersbank (1781) Doggersbank , 1856 - On August 5th 1781 the Dutch encountered the British fleet. The battle remained undecided and both parties were forced to retreat. In the Republic this was celebrated like a victory. This would be the last sea-battle of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands.

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Arrival of Sealand boats at Rotterdam (Prince William II becomes stadtholder) (1747) Rotterdam, 1856 - In 1746 the French marched against the Republic. They conquered Flanders and moved on toward Brabant. In 1747 the States of the Dutch Republic was desperate as many refugees poured into Sealand and Holland.

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Prince John William Friso drowns at Hollands Diep (1711) the Hollands Diep from Moerdijk to Strijense Sas, 1856 - On July 14th 1711 the 24 year old Prince John William Friso died by drowning. On his way to The Hague to settle a disagreement with the Prussian king on the inheritance of William III. In turbulent weather the prince had himself taken across the Hollands Diep from Moerdijk to Strijense Sas. His coach got swept overboard and consequently the prince drowned.

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King William III falls of his horse (1702) Hampton Court, 1856 - William III, Prince of Orange and King of England, Scotland and Ireland died in 1702 in result of a fall of his horse.

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German Yeomanries are fighting for their independence , unknown - The picture shows a scene of the German peasants‘war between 1524 and 1526 (Southern Germany, Austria, Switzerland). Beside the peasants also mine workers and urban citizens took part in the revolution against the oppressive authorities. You can see the fight of the peasants against the knights of the seigniors. The peasants are fighting with lances and flails. In the background other peasants are looting and destroying a mill, probably an aristocratic estate. The battlefield is covered with snow; the scene of the depiction is dated to March of the year 1525 – the beginning of the revolts in Leipheim. The peasant troops were combated by the troops of the Swabian confederation. The subtitle of the wall chart is “Lewwer duad üs Slav” (its better to be dead than to be a slave) cites a Frisian slogan, well known as verse of Liliencron’s ballad “Pidder Lüng” (1844) which tells about the revolt of a poor fisherman. Later the slogan was abused by the Nazi-Propaganda as an example for the alleged bravery of the (blonde and blue-eyed) Nordic.

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