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Naar het concentratiekamp, januari 1945. Amersfoort, 1970 circa - Uit de handleiding 1970: Vóór 1940 sprak men in Duitsland van de begeerte en de wil om het roofdier te wekken in de jeugd. ‘Het blonde beest’ werd het wilde ideaal. Dat heeft ons volk gezien. In verslagenheid en weerzin, daarna in halsstarrig verzet, in tegenstand – met of zonder wapens. In een razzia , een strooptocht, een mensenjacht, zijn jonge mensen opgejaagd en gegrepen. Nu worden zij onder ‘zware’ bewaking weggevoerd naar een concentratiekamp. De groep van afgematte jonge mannen verliest haar geslotenheid – er komen achterblijvers. De Obergefreiter – een rang die lager is dan een onderofficier – schreeuwt zijn bevel uit tot aaneensluiten. Hij draagt de Stahlhelm met rijkswapenschildje. Zijn helm is beschilderd, opdat hij zo beter schuil kan gaan tussen de begroeiing. Zijn rangteken draagt hij op de linkermouw. Op de mutsen van de soldaten is de rijksadelaar met het hakenkruis aangebracht. Achteraan loopt een Feldwebel, een onderofficier, herkenbaar aan een platte pet. Als bedwingende klemmen houden de gereedgehouden geweren de gevangenen bijeen. Kinderen waren aan het hout sprokkelen. De hongerwinter was bar en grimmig. Toen de soldaten kwamen, namen de kinderen de wijk. Angst en afschuw heersten. Een jutezak, met opgeraapte takken, bleef als stomme getuige achter. Nood en ellende, smaad en verwoesting. Zo is de oorlog, onterend, schandelijk. Dit tafereel eert hen, die krenking en lijden ondergingen voor gehéél ons volk.

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Antwerp’ citadel after the capitulation (Chassé House) (1832) Antwerpen, 1856 - Belgium was under Dutch control, but wanted to become independent. The great powers ratified a treaty on May 4th 1832 and decided on a trade embargo against the Netherlands. The French wee allowed to besiege Antwerp in order to pressure King William I to surrender the town.

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Bombardment of Algiers (1816) Algiers, 1856 - Algiers was infamous as a pirate nest which made the Mediterranean Sea unsafe. To restrict the influence of the Algerian piracy , the State General sent several war ships to the Mediterranean Sea in 1815. With assistance of English ships a large part of the city was set on fire.

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Battle of Waterloo (1815) Waterloo, 1856 - After his defeat at Leipzig in 1814, Napoleon was banished to the island of Elba, from where he escaped in the spring of 1815. He quickly marched on Paris where he managed to assemble an army of 200.000 men. At Waterloo the French army was defeated by the allied troops of England, Prussia and the Netherlands. The Prince of Orange was commander of the Dutch army and was hurt at his shoulder during battle.

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English and Russian invasion of Noord-Holland (Russian general Herman captured) (1799) Callantsoog, 1856 - A British fleet of over 10.000 men invaded the Netherlands at the beach of Callantsoog on August 27th 1799. In the following weeks the British received reinforcements from mostly Russian troops. Initially the invasion seemed successful: the Batavian fleet surrendered to the English. However, subsequently the English-Russian army was defeated by the French-Batavian troops.

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William V and the heroes of Doggersbank (1781) Doggersbank , 1856 - On August 5th 1781 the Dutch encountered the British fleet. The battle remained undecided and both parties were forced to retreat. In the Republic this was celebrated like a victory. This would be the last sea-battle of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands.

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Arrival of Sealand boats at Rotterdam (Prince William II becomes stadtholder) (1747) Rotterdam, 1856 - In 1746 the French marched against the Republic. They conquered Flanders and moved on toward Brabant. In 1747 the States of the Dutch Republic was desperate as many refugees poured into Sealand and Holland.

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Treaty of Ryswick (arrival of representatives at Huis Nieuwburg) (1697) Rijswijk, 1856 - On September 20th 1697 the Treaty of Ryswick was signed between the Alliance of Augsburg (consisting of the German Holy Roman Empire, England, Denmark, Sweden, Spain, the Dutch Republic and the Duchy of Savoy) on one side and the French on the other. This treaty settled the Nine Year’s War.

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Landing van Prins Willem III bij Brixham, 1688. Brixham, 1953 - Uit de handleiding 1953: Prins Willem III voer met zijn vloot op 30 oktober 1688 uit, richting Engeland. De vloot bestond uit 50 oorlogsschepen, 10 branders en een aantal kleinere vaartuigen. Half juli had de prins een brief ontvangen waarin hem verzocht werd om naar Engeland te komen in verband met de politieke situatie. Op de plaat is te zien hoe boven goede ankergrond schepen onder winddruk om het anker zwaaien. De ankerboeien, boven de ankers drijvend, wijzen de plaatsen aan, waar de ankers zijn vastgegrepen. Boven de sloep waait de wimpel van de Admiraal-Generaal: rood, wit en blauw. De stuurman van de sloep, de officier, die niet tot het hoge gezelschap behoort, verricht zijn werk staande geleund tegen het beeldhouwwerk van de spiegel. In de wolkenschaduw ligt als derde schip van links een ‘‘fluit’’, waarop men bezig is de zeilen te reven. De rotsen bij Brixham bestaan uit zandsteen, deze werd voornamelijk gebruikt in de bouw. Onder de mannen en vrouwen, vissersvolk en grondbezitters uit de omtrek die de sloep door het water tegemoet gaan zijn een man en vrouw die manden aan de schouder dragen. Deze schoudermanden werden gebruikt voor het vergaren van wier.

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Landing of William III in Torbay (1688) Torbay, 1856 - England was governed by King James II. His eldest daughter, Mary, was wed to William III. Several notables requested Prince William III to come to England in order to protect the English popular laws and Protestantism. He entered the country at Torbay in 1688.

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Death of Lt.Adm. M.A. de Ruyter (tomb in the Nieuwe Kerk in Amsterdam) Amsterdam, 1856 - The Battle of Agosta on April 22nd 1676, of the Dutch against the French, would be De Ruyter’s final sea battle. Standing on deck, De Ruyter was hit by a bullet. A marble mausoleum was erected in his honour in the Nieuwe Kerk in Amsterdam.

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The capture of the Royal Charles on the Thames (1667) Medway, 1856 - Although peace talks were well under way in Breda to end the Second Anglo-Dutch War, De Witt rejected a cease-fire offer. As ambassador extraordinary of the States, he sent his brother Cornelis along with Lieutenant-Admiral Michiel de Ruyter to sail up the river Thames in order to destroy the English fleet at Chatham. During this battle, the Raid on the Medway, the ship Royal Charles was captured.

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Self-sacrifice of Hambroek (1662) Formosa, 1856 - Since 1624 the East India Company had established control on Formosa. Under its charge missionaries worked on the Christianization of the indigenous people: amongst them was doctor Antonius Hambroek. On April 30th 1661 Chinese-Japanse warlord Koxinga (Kok seng yâ) invaded the island, whereby Hambroek fell to Chinese hands. Fort Zeelandia remained under Dutch control. Koxinga decided to send Hambroek as a representative to meet with Coyett, commander of the fort, to convince him to surrender. In stead of demanding surrender, Hambroek urged Coyett to persist in battle. Hambroek decided to return to Koxinga, who beheaded him.

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Jan van Galen injured at Leghorn (1653) Leghorn (Livorno in Italian), 1856 - At the outbreak of the First Anglo-Dutch War in 1652, Jan van Galen was appointed Commodore of the Dutch fleet in the Mediterranean Sea. At Leghorn (Livorno in Italian) the Dutch fleet entered into battle with the English fleet. On March 14th 1653, during the Battle of Leghorn, Jan van Galen was fatally wounded and eventually died.

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Entry of Prince Frederick Henry in ‘s-Hertogenbosch (1629) ‘s-Hertogenbosch , 1856 - The Siege of ‘s-Hertogenbosch in 1629 was a large-scale counterattack of Prince Frederick Henry on the Spanish during the Eighty Years’ War. The siege lasted form April to half September. Eventually the town was taken over by Frederick Henry of Orange.

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Hugo de Groot at Loevestein (1621) Castle Loevestein, Poederoijen, 1856 - Hugo de Groot, a Dutch lawyer and writer, wrote several theological essays. During the struggle for the highest power in the country, Church or State, he choose the side of the State. Therefore he was imprisoned at castle Loevestein. He escaped by hiding in a book chest.

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The Dutch in front of Jacatra (1618) Java, 1856 - Governor-general Pieter Both settled in Bantam in 1610 and established a merchant settlement. The English resided in the Indies as well, which led to a battle. Dutchman Jan Pieterzoon Coen secured the Dutch victory over the area.

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The naval Battle of Gibraltar (death of Heemskerk) (1607) Gibraltar, 1856 - In 1607, during the Eighty Years’ War, a Dutch fleet surprised a Spanish fleet which lay anchored at the Bay of Gibraltar. During this battle Jacob van Heemskerk (one of the Nova Zembla explorers) was killed.

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The battle of Nieuwpoort (1600) Nieuwpoort, 1856 - The battle of Nieuwpoort was a battle in 1600, during the Eighty Years’ War between the Dutch and Spanish armies. Maurice of Orange was ordered by the States General to Dunkirk in Flanders in order to take over the town. A large Spanish army, led by archduke Albrecht of Austria, unexpectedly came to Flanders. This led to the Battle of Nieuwpoort. Due to Maurice’s strategies the Dutch won the battle.

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Op de reede van Bantam 1598. Bantam, 1913 - Handleiding 1917: Jacob van Neck (leider van de tweede Nederlandse expeditie naar Oost-Indië (1598-1600)): ’s Morgens bij zonsopkomst, terwijl ik bezig was mijn fraaiste kleren aan te trekken, kwam Ab-dul in mijn hut zeggen, dat er een prauwtje langs ons schip lag met een Chinees, die mij namens den Gouverneur van het land kwam vragen, wat het doel van onze komst was. Ik liet de Chinees weten dat we gekomen waren om de Gouverneur om vriendschap te verzoeken om vredig en beleefd met de inwoners van Bantam te mogen handelen. Mijn secretaris Cornelis Heemskerck, ging aan land om de gouverneur te spreken. Op de afbeelding ligt het admiraalsschip van Jacob van Neck, Mauritius genaamd, het meest vooraan. Op het hek waait de rood-wit-zwarte vlag van Amsterdam, met het stedelijk wapen in de witte baan. De vlag aan de grote top is de Statenvlag. Op de andere mast waait de vlag van de Prins, met zijn wapen in de witte baan. Naar links ligt de Utrecht en meer nabij de kust het kleine jacht Overijssel. Het grote jacht Friesland vaart voor de zeilende vloot uit. Achteraan zeilt het schip de Hollandia, waarop Jacob van Neck zich bevindt. Op de achtergrond ligt de stad Bantam. Hoog boven de ommuring verrijst het dak van een moskee. Het is december, daarom laat de tekenaar een Westmoesson waaien. De lucht is dan minder strak. Het blauw waait soms vol nevelachtige wolken, die, zwaarder samengepakt, de plasregens geven.

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Heemskerk’s hibernation on Nova Zembla (1596) Russia, Arctische Oceaan, 1856 - The Dutch tried to discover an overseas trading route to Asia via the North. The exploration was carried out by Jacob van Heemskerk and Willem Barendsz in 1596. Their ships got wedged between the ice at Nova Zembla forcing them to spend the winter there.

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Capture of Den Briel (1572) Brielle, 1856 - Several times the Prince and the Sea Beggars attempted to seize Dutch towns from the Spanish. On April 1st 1572 the Sea Beggars managed to capture Den Briel.

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The death of Albrecht Beyling (1425) Schoonhoven, 1856 - Between 1350 and 1490 AD, Holland and Zeeland were the stage of the Hook and Cod wars. Two groups of noblemen battled for power. Even towns chose side. Important to this war was the disputed succession right of Jacoba of Bayern. Although many Cods had entrenched themselves in the castle of Schoonhoven, Jacoba of Bayern did manage to conquer the town. Every Cod was promised safe withdrawal, apart from the castle’s second-in-command, Albrecht Beyling from Gouda. He was buried alive.

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The capture of Count Floris V (1296) Utrecht, 1856 - Count Floris V of Holland and Zeeland was also called the Peasant God. In 1296 he was probably killed by Gijsbrecht IV van Amstel, Gerard van Velsen and Herman van Woerden because in 1296 he switched from the English to the French side.

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The Viking siege of Paris Paris, - The picture shows the Viking siege of Paris around 885-886 AC. On the right you can see the warships of the Viking army landing on the fortified banks of the Seine River in Paris. On the right side the city wall with the watchtowers and the defensive walkway are depicted. The Viking attackers are armed with helmets, shields, lances, swords and plated mail. In the background you can see the surrounding land of Paris, looted and set on fire.

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17th Century. Thirty-Years War. The raids of Louis XIV , 1937 - The frieze about the 17th Century shows the timeline (1600-1700 A.C.) with the following dates, which are tagged with red and black arrows: 1608/09 A.C. Union-League; 1630 A.C. Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden comes to the Protestants’ help; 1632 A.C. Gustavus Adolphus’ victory and death in the battle of Lützen; 1640 A.C. The Great Elector’s accession to power; 1648 The Peace of Westphalia; 1655-1660 A.C. Second Northern War; 1667/68 A.C. French War of Devolution against Spain, 1675 A.C. Battle of Fehrbellin; 1672-1678 The Franco-Dutch War; 1681 A.C. French occupation (“spoils”) of Strasburg; 1683 Siege of Vienna, 1686 A.C. Ofen, Mohàcs, 1688 A.C. Death of the Great Elector; 1688-1697 A.C. Nine Year’s War; 1699 A.C. Peace of Karlowitz.

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Nordic Thing in the Middle Age , 1932 - The picture shows a folkmoot (Old English „meeting of the people”) according to the old Germanic rules between the year 0 and 500 A.C. All the free members of a tribe or district are gathering on the so called thingstead. The hill nearby is crowded with spectators. In a fenced circle in the foreground, the Elders are negotiating a “thing”. In this case it seems to be a matter of war and peace: Warriors in chain mails and armored with shield and lances mount guard over the thingstead.

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The arrival of the Batavians in the Netherlands (100 years BC) Schenkenschans (Betuwe), 1856 - This image shows the Batavians in the Netherlands. They came from the area now known as Germany and moved to the Netherlands due to consistent wars.

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